Bachelor's degree is helpful to increasing personal skills Research Paper

Bachelor's degree is helpful to increasing personal skills - Research Paper Example 27s+degree+is+helpful+to+increasing+personal+skills&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ZFDfU7PiDIj54QSDr4CYAg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=bachelors%20degree%20is%20helpful%20to%20increasing%20personal%20skills&f=false http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=PDmMpwbs_CsC&pg=PA15&dq=bachelor%27s+degree+is+helpful+to+increasing+personal+skills&hl=en&sa=X&ei=BXXfU5vTNarB7Aaq8IG4BA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=bachelors%20degree%20is%20helpful%20to%20increasing%20personal%20skills&f=false http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=dH2nB1CX2SMC&pg=PA327&dq=bachelor%27s+degree+is+helpful+to+increasing+personal+skills&hl=en&sa=X&ei=j47fU82-CLLQ7Aaw9IG4Cg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=bachelors%20degree%20is%20helpful%20to%20increasing%20personal%20skills&f=false http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=AHsqIFnnn1YC&pg=PA92&dq=bachelor%27s+degree+is+helpful+to+increasing+personal+skills&hl=en&sa=X&ei=j47fU82-CLLQ7Aaw9IG4Cg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=bachelors%20degree%20is%20helpful%20to%20increasing%20personal%20skills&f=false http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=xrnPJcb7c54C&pg=PA90&dq=bachelor%27s+degree+is+helpful+to+increasing+personal+skills&hl=en&sa=X&ei=n5XfU6LhAqXB7AbujYHgDQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=bachelors%20degree%20is%20helpful%20to%20increasing%20personal%20skills&f=false http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=aSiCCLKHOL0C&pg=PA138&dq=bachelor%27s+degree+is+helpful+to+increasing+personal+skills&hl=en&sa=X&ei=n5XfU6LhAqXB7AbujYHgDQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=bachelors%20degree%20is%20helpful%20to%20increasing%20personal%20skills&f=false The book gives details on the kind of training required for public health professionals. It expounds on the relevant skills required.

Careers in health care industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Careers in health care industry - Essay Example Health Information and Medical Records TechnicianThey are concerned with keeping patients health information records. The Department of labor in the US estimates 20% growth in this career before 2018. To be in this field, a degree in an associate’s degree is required (Parker 1).Medical AssistantThey work directly with patients. They work on the patient’s medical history and also take their vital signs. An Associate’s degree or a certificate program are the requirements.Pharmacy TechnicianThey provide customer service and also prescribe medication to patients. Only an Associate’s degree or certificate are needed.Environmental health directorTraining environmental regulations as well as offering education concerning the government in public operations and also in private. Degree in Bachelor’s and also Master’s is needed.Offers quality of services agrees with government regulations, and they are also consulted by them, medical professionals.Dire ctor of EpidemiologyHave the responsibility to determine the cause of a disease as well as health problems providing protection against further recurrence.Industrial waste directorThey focus on keeping the society clean to public health is safe. They ensure that the public employees do their work of collecting the garbage to keep the community cleanRadiation safety specialistThey offer facilities related to public health in dealing with environmental laws. This individual ensures that hazardous materials are kept safe to prevent accidents (Tommy 1).

Unusual Presentation of Ewing’s Sarcoma

Unusual Presentation of Ewing’s Sarcoma D.V.Prasad1, Sanjay Mulay2, Krishna Badgire 3, *Abhinav S.Jadhav4, Deepak Datrange5, Sagar Jawale6, Arun alex7 ABSTRACT: Ewing’s sarcoma is a highly malignant, round cell neoplasm of uncertain origin. It is the sixth most common malignant tumor of bone. It must be distinguished from chronic osteomyelitis and other malignant round cell tumors like lymphoma, metastatic neuroblastoma and small cell osteosarcoma. Most patients are between 10 to 25years old; rarely patients are younger than age 5 years and older than age 40 years. We report a 55 years female who presented with swelling over right shoulder with pain and inability to move right shoulder later diagnosed as Ewing’s sarcoma of proximal part of humerus right side. The earlier diagnosis at this age may help in better management of the condition and prevent further complications and have better prognosis. KEY WORDS: Ewing’s sarcoma, Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET), Ewing family of tumors (EFT), round cell tumor. INTRODUCTION: Ewing’s sarcoma is a highly malignant, round cell neoplasm of uncertain origin. It is the sixth most common malignant tumor of bone [1]. Most patients are between 10 to 25years old; rarely patients are younger than age 5 years and older than age 40 years. The present report is about rare presentation of Ewing’s sarcoma in a 55 years old female who presented with swelling over right shoulder with severe pain and inability to move right shoulder. CASE REPORT: A55 years old female, housewife, was presented with progressive swelling over right shoulder and difficulty in shoulder movements. Swelling was accompanied with severe pain which increased gradually over a period of 6 months. On examination, she was an average built female with swelling over right shoulder and upper part of right arm. Swelling was of 25x20cm size. It was a solitary swelling with local rise of temperature over swelling. Swelling was tender and variable in consistency. It was a non-mobile swelling. Redness and prominent superficial veins were visible over swelling over right shoulder and upper part of arm (Fig.1). Her hemoglobin levels were decreased and she had elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Her renal function tests and liver function tests were towards lower normal range. X-ray right shoulder with arm shows round lytic lesion in head and upper part of humerus (Fig.2). MRI of right shoulder joint was suggestive of a 8.76.76.5 cm well defined, lobulated, expansile, lytic, lesion involving head and proximal shaft of right humerus, causing thinning and erosion of the cortex with breach at few places and narrow zone of transition, adjacent soft tissue extensions with edema and moderate right shoulder joint effusion. These findings are suggestive of Neoplastic mass involving proximal humerus with pathological fractures (Fig. 3) Histopathology report shows sheets of small round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei, condensed chromatin and scanty eosinophilic cytoplasm with vaculisations with unremarkable bony trabeculae (Fig.4). Immuno-histochemistry is suggestive of Vimentin, CD99, S 100 positive and AE1/AE3 focally positive. Cytology report was suggestive of cytomorphological features positive for malignancy (Fig.5). Fig. 1: Clinical photograph of patient showing right shoulder swelling. Fig.2:X-ray right shoulder showing round lytic area in upper end of humerus. Fig. 3: MRI right shoulder T1W,T2W and STIR images showing expansile, lobulated, lytic lesion involving head and proximal part of humerus. Fig.4: Microscopic picture (40X) showing sheets of small round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei, condensed chromatin and scanty eosinophilic cytoplasm. Fig.5: Cytology report showing cytomorphological features positive for malignancy DISCUSSION: In 1918 Arthur Purdy Stout described a tumor composed of small round cells with rosettes in Ulnar nerve [2], later on it became known as Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET). James Ewing described a tumor of diaphysis of long bones composed of undifferentiated cells and the tumor was radiosensitive [3]. Earlier Ewing’s sarcoma (ES) PNET were described as two separate entities, but in 1975 Angervall and Enzinger described extraskeletal tumor resembling to ES [4]and Jaffe et al. wrote an article on â€Å"the neuroectodermal tumor of bone† in 1984 [5]. Now it is known that ES and PNET show similar translocations and are considered to be ends of histological spectrum of Ewing’s family of tumors (EFT). Analysis of molecular techniques not only provided better understanding of biology but also help in developing better techniques in diagnosis and prospective potential treatment. Epidemology: EFT comprises 5 to 10 % of total bone tumors and is the 2nd most common tumor of childhood [6]. It occurs predominantly in young adults and children and shows a slight predilection for males [7].75% cases are seen between 10 to 25 years age of life. Youngest case reported so far was of 4.5 months old [8] and oldest case reported was 61 years old. Infancy cases are to be differentiated from metastatic neurofibroma. Sites: In 55% long bones it is usually diaphyseal lesion but also metaphyseodiaphyseal lesion can be seen. Flat bone (pelvis and ribs) involvement can also be seen. Less common sites of occurance are skull, vertebra and scapula. Presentation of Ewing’s sarcoma: Pain, Swelling and fever are the presenting symptoms. X-ray shows permeative pattern of bone involvement (boundary between uninvolved bone and area of bone destruction and bone is broad, vague imperceptible). All types of periosteal reactions seen like onion peel, moth eaten, honey combed, fine and reticulated [1]. Biopsy Ideally core biopsy is done, if repeated attempts of core biopsy fails open biopsy is done. FNAC not recommended in case of Ewing’s sarcoma. Frozen section studies opted in selected cases only as freezing of tissue distorts the morphology. Fixation of tissue is done in 10% formalin. Inadequate fixation leads to loss of antigen, so inconclusive results on immunohistochemistry and also causes autolysis and degeneration of DNA thus making molecular analysis difficult. Ratio of specimen to formalin is 1:10. Histology: It is prototype of small round cell tumor growth. It is composed of sheets of small cells with increased nuclear to cytoplasm ratio. Cytoplasm is scanty, eosinophilic, and detected by periodic acid Schiff (PAS), contains glycogen and diastase degradable. Occasional rosette formation are seen and frequently undergoes necrosis and residual viable cells show perithetiomatous or perivascular distribution.EFT tumor cells can be large with irregular nuclear membrane and prominent nucleoli [9]. EFT cells show membrane expression of CD99 /MIC 2 on immunohistochemistry [10]. Antibody against FLI-1 is seen in nucleus of tumor cells which is specific for diagnosis of EFT [11]. Tumor cells may show neuron specific enolase (NSE), synaptophysin and s-100 protein. Family of EFT includes -1)non hodgekin’s lymphoma 2)rhabdomyosarcoma 3)synovial sarcoma 4)messenchymal chondrosarcoma 5)desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) 6)retinoblastoma. False positive cd99 screening is seen in other cases as well hence CD99, FLI1 and NSE to be positive for diagnosis of EFT/PNET. Molecular genetics: Translocation t (11:22) (q24:q22) is seen in 85 % cases. Fusion of EWS gene on 22q12 with FLI-1 on 11q24 results in chimeric fusion transcript EWS-FLI1 [12]. EWS-FLI1 induces insulin like growth factor (IGF-1). Phospholipase D2 (PLD2) and Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 (PTPL1) are expressed in increased levels. Thus tumor cells escape from apoptosin and growth inhibition. Therapeutic targets: EWS-FLI1 fusion is to be targeted and split. Monoclonal antibodies against IGF -1 are being tried as it is associated with EFT growth [13] and PLD 2, PTPL1 are other conceivable candidates as both are highly expressed in EFT [14]. Chemotherapy in ES: There is no universally accepted staging. American joint committee on cancer (AJCC) suggests that primary bone or extra skeletal Ewing’s sarcoma may be included with their respective bone or soft-tissue sarcoma staging (STS) systems [15]. Although AJCC staging includes metastatic disease and tumor size greater or less than 8 cm; nodal status and grade are irrelevant for ES because it rarely spreads by lymph nodes and by definition of ES is high grade tumor [15]. Most of centers use presence or absence of metastasis at the time of diagnosis, as main tool for planning the treatment. Prognostic factors: 1) tumor site and size 2) age and gender 3) serum LDH levels ES in distal extremity has better prognosis than proximal extremity. ES in central location (pelvis) has worst prognosis [16] [17] [18]. Tumor volume 100-200ml- large tumor has bad prognosis. Girls have better prognosis than boys [18]. Increased serum LDH levels at time of diagnosis with large tumor with metastatic disease has worse prognosis. Metastasis in lungs alone has prognosis better than metastasis in extra-pulmonary sites. Patient with minimal tumor or no residual tumor after preoperative chemotherapy incline towards better prognosis. Evolution of chemotherapy: Adjuvant therapy: Vincristine + Actinomycin D + Cyclophosphamide (VAC). Intergroup Ewing’s sarcoma study (IESS): VAC + doxorubicin. IESS trial –II demonstrated that intermittent high doses of VAC + doxorubicin was superior to continuous moderate dose therapy with this agents [19].VAC+ doxorubicin alternating with Ifosfamide and Eloposide (IE) has better prognosis. There is no role of dose intensification. Current trend: Alternating cycles of VAC IE every 3 weeks for 48 weeks with local control at 9-12 weeks [20] is to be administered. There is no role of dose compression (decrease in duration of cycles).There is some role of stem cell in preliminary stage of management. Local therapy: Surgical resection with or without limb salvage followed by Radiotherapy and then chemotherapy is given. Chemotherapy remains back bone of the T/t for Ewing’s sarcoma, local T/t with surgery /or radiotherapy has important role in management of ES. The outcome of management is better in localized ES as compared to elusive outcome in metastatic disease or local recurrence. This case is presented in view of rarity to increase suspicion index for the presence of Ewing’s sarcoma. Early detection of Ewing’s sarcoma as chemotherapy and radiotherapy can limit further damage and progression of the disease can be done. REFERENCES: Joseph M. Mirra, Piero Picci: Ewing’s sarcoma In: Bone tumors- clinical, radiologic, and pathologic correlations, volume two, Lea Febiger, Philadelphia, London1989, pp. 1088-1094. Stout AP. A tumor of the ulnar nerve. Proc NY Pathol Soc 1918; 12:2-12. Ewing J. Diffuse endothelioma of bone. Proc NY Pathol Soc 1921; 21:17-24. Angervall L, Enzinger FM. Extraskeletal neoplasm resembling Ewing’s sarcoma. Cancer 1975; 36:240-51. Jaffe R, Santamaria M, Yunis EJ, Tannery NH, Agostini RM Jr, Medina j, era/. The neuroectodermal tumor of bone. Am j Surg Pathol 1984; 8:885-98. Gurney JG, Swensen AR, Bulterys M. Malignant bone tumors. In: Ries LA, etal, editors. Cancer incidence and survival among children and adolescents: United States SEER Program 1975- 1995. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer institute. SEER Program. NIH Pub. No. 99-4649; 1999. p. 99-110. Zamora P, Garcia de Paredes ML, Gonzalez Baron M, Diaz MA, Escobar Y, Ordonez A, et al. Ewings tumor in brothers. An unusual observation. AmJ Clin Oncol 1986; 9:358-60. Kim, T.E., Ghazi G. Atkinson G. ct al.: Ewings sarcoma of a lower extremity in an infant: A therapeutic dilemma. Cancer, 5c: 187, 1986. Nascimento AG, Unii KK, Pritchard DJ, Cooper KL, Dahlin DC. A clinicopathologic study of 20 cases of large-cell (atypical) Ewings sarcoma of bone. AmJ Surg Pathol 1980; 4:29-36. Khoury JD. Ewing sarcoma family of tumors. Adv Anat Pathol 2005; 12:212-20. Nilsson G, Wang M, Wejde J, Kreicbergs A, Larsson O. Detection of EWS/FL1-1 by immunostaining. An adjunctive tool in diagnosis of Ewing’s sarcoma and primitive neuroectodermal tumour on cytological samples and paraffin-embedded archival material. Sarcoma 1999; 3:25-32. Delattre O, Zucman J, Plougastel B, Desmaze C, MelotT, Peter M, et al. Gene fusion with an ETS DNA-binding domain caused by chromosome translocation in human tumours. Nature 1992; 359:162-5. Ludwig JA. Ewing sarcoma: Historical perspectives, current state-of-the-art, and opportunities for targeted therapy in the future. Curr Opin Oncol 2008; 20:412-8. Abaan OD, Levenson A, Khan O, Furth PA, Uren A, Toretsky JA. PTPL1 is a direct transcriptional target of EWS-FL11 and modulates Ewing’s Sarcoma tumorigenesis. Oncogene 2005; 24:2715-22. Greene FL, Page DL, Fleming ID , A. Fritz, C.M Balch, D.G. Haller et al, eds. AJCC cancer staging Manual. 6th ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2002. Rodriguez –Galindo C, Liu T, Krasin MJ, Wu J, Billups CA, Daw NC, et al. Analysis of prognostic factors in Ewing’s sarcoma family of tumors: review of St. Jude children’s research hospital studies cancer 2007; 1 10:375-84. Cotterill SJ, Ahrens S, Paulussen M, Jurgens HF, Voute PA, Gadner H et al. Prognostic factors in Ewing’s tumor of bone: analysis of 975patient from the European intergroup cooperative Ewing’s sarcoma study group. J clin oncol 2000; 18:3108-14. Bacci G, Longhi A, Ferrari S, Mercuri M, Versari M, Bertoni F. Prognostic factors in non-metastatic Ewing’s sarcoma tumor of bone: An analysis of 579 patients treated at a single at a single institution with adjuvant or neo-adjuvant chemotherapy between 1972 and 1998.Acta oncol 2006; 45:469-75. Burgert EO Jr, Nesbit ME , Garnsey LA , Gehan EA, Herrmann J, Vietti TJ, et al. Multimodal therapy for management of non-pelvic , localized Ewing’s sarcoma of bone :intergroup study IESS-II. J Clin Oncol 1990; 8:1514-24. Granowetter L, Womer R, Devidas M, Karlio M, Wang C, Bernstein M, et al. Dose –intensified compared with standard chemotherapy for non-metastatic Ewing’s sarcoma family of tumors: a children’s oncology group study. J clin oncol 2009; 27:2536-41.

Deforestation and its Effect on our Environment Today

DeforestationDeforestation is the operation of cut plants and trees because of fuel and architecture expanding and other reasons. Forests are cut down for many reasons. This essay will describe the causes and effects of deforestation, and how can we solve this problem.There are many causes of the deforestation. Firstly, Agricultural expansion, large scale agriculture is the main economic factor behind deforestation. Another factor which is Logging for Timber logging especially illegal logging, is a major cause of deforestation. Moreover, road construction is the infrastructure development that contributes most to deforestation because roads encourage immigration and the spread of agriculture into forests, particularly in remote areas where property rights are unclear. What's more, is the firewood collection, one third of the world’s population uses biomass fuels, mainly firewood, to cook and to heat their homes, together with population growth, this can have a devastating effe ct on forests in poor countries.Deforestation effect on our environment deeply today. Deforestation resulted in Climate Change, when deforestation occurs, many of the trees are burnt, which resulted in releasing the carbon that is stored in them as carbon dioxide. This leads to greater concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Therefore, the climate will change which cause the global warming. Furthermore, When forests are cut down, this regulation of the flow of water is disrupted, which leads to alternating periods of flood and then drought in the affected area.What then should be recommended as solutions to these problems? For every tree that is cut, three, not two should be planted in its case. We have reached such a critical point that to prevent the desertification so we need to plant more trees.In brief, deforestation is a warning to the worldwide life. It has become a huge concern in today's life. Deforestation can be solved only if everyone cooperate with each othe r and stop people from cutting these forests. Remember you can make a change and influence the people around you to save our beautiful planet. Also, Recycling is an option for the richer countries.

Essay about El Mesquite, b Elena Zamora OShea - 832 Words

Through the voice of Palo Alto, a mesquite tree, Elena Zamora O’Shea relates the story of one Spanish-Mexican family’s history, spanning over two hundred years, in South Texas, the area encompassing between the Nueces and the Rio Grande. As the narration of the Garcia’s family history progresses through the different generations, becoming more Mexican-American, or Tejano, peoples and things indigenous gradually grow faint. In her account of South Texas history, Elena devalues the importance and impact of Indians, placing a greater precedence on the Spanish settlers. In Elena’s own introduction to the novel, she recalls an empty, inhabited American West and questions why the forefathers of South Texas have been forgotten: From my†¦show more content†¦Similarly, the Arrastrado can be a representation of the Indians at the bottom of the hierarchy, since the Fathers think of them as savages and a â€Å"little lazy.† While the Mesquite Rosillos counterpart are the Spaniards, depicting the superiority of the Spaniards over the Indians. Hence, only after the Spaniards name the mesquite â€Å"La Posta del Palo Alto† does the mesquite, take more pride in itself, since it has been worthy of being named and recognized for its finer qualities by the Spaniards. Through the continuation of the novel, the partiality of the mesquite for the Spaniards is perceptible, further depreciating the Indians. For instance, after Pat moved his family to Mier and left the best-liked peon, Juan Vasquez as the boss, â€Å"the rancho was surely a dead thing without the master and his family,† thought the mesquite. â€Å"The white crosses on the hillside were [his] only companions† (Zamora Oâ₠¬â„¢Shea 48). As a result, the narrator chose to only identify with the dead Garcias rather than to attempt to establish relations with the peones left at the rancho or the indigenous peoples who pass by to engage in trade. The mesquite’s dismissal of the Indians may be due to the lack of refinement of the indigenous

Chronic Hair Pulling Essay - 2892 Words

It has been two months since Makahla Rivers has pulled out her hair. In fact, that’s the longest she’s gone without pulling out her hair since she was 12 years old, she said. Rivers, a 19-year-old from Harrisville, Rhode Island who works in a local restaurant, has struggled with the impulse control disorder known as trichotillomania, the urge to pull out one’s own hair. Trichotillomania, often referred to as trich or TTM, was first documented by the French dermatologist, Francois Henri Hallopeau over 100 years ago and derives from the Greek words, â€Å"trich† (hair), â€Å"tillo† (to pull) and â€Å"mania† (impulse). While extensive medical research on this disorder has only been conducted within the past twenty years, it is estimated that†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"I was like, ‘Oh my God, what did I do?’ I went into the bathroom and looked in the mirror and that’s when I saw my [hair] was gone and I was in a state of shock. I fell down on the bathroom floor and started to cry,† she said. While she has pulled hair from her arms, eyelashes and eyebrows, she has mainly pulled from her head. She would pull when she was watching television, was bored or tired, or when she was upset or depressed. She would even spend hours pulling in the bathroom. Pulling during sedentary activities such as watching television or reading and pulling during times of stress, anxiety or depression are the two general patterns of trich, according to the website, â€Å"Trichotillomania Learning Center† in October 2015. Anxiety, depression and other emotional problems like eating disorders and substance abuse can trigger pulling but can also result from pulling, said Dr. Nancy Keuthen, who has been the director of the Trichotillomania Clinic at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston for 15 years. â€Å"Someone who has pulled out their hair will not be thrilled with themselves,† she said. Because hair is a cultural mark of beauty, pullers will be concerned about social acceptance, said Keuthen. On the other hand, â€Å"pulling hair manages the anxiety they’re feeling.† The â€Å"Trichotillomania Learning Center† website reported that major depression may affect up to 50% of pullers while 30% may have simple phobia and generalized anxiety disorder, up toShow MoreRelatedTrichotillomania Onset Pregnancy699 Words   |  3 Pagesrecurrent episodes of hair pulling behavior leading to noticeable loss of hair, increasing tension before hair-pulling or while coping with the urge to pull out hair, taking pleasure or a sense of relief while pulling out hair, and social, occupational, and functional impairment1. Trichotillomania can involve any area in the body; however, the most common areas are the scalp, followed by the eyebrows and eyelashes in children and in adults2. The seriousness of the pulling behavior is perceived overRead MoreCommunication and Intersection between Human Mind and Skin914 Words   |  4 Pagesdermatologists confirmed to need for psychiatric consultation, especially when treating chronic diseases3. Trichotillomania or hair pulling disorder is classified in DSM IV as an impulse control disorder. It usually is described as having a compulsive urge to pull out or pick at one’s own hair. This compulsion will often lead to severe hair loss, resulting in social impairment. This disorder is often considered to be chronic . The peak onset of trichotillomania is between the ages of 9 and 13, however itRead MoreEssay On Hair Cells1309 Words   |  6 PagesHair cells are alive and must have an appropriate nutrition. Human beings have 100 to 150 thousand strands of hair; each one grows almost 13 cm (5 inches) in 5 to 6 years. When each strand dies, the period for regrowth lasts almost 4 months. 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Collection of multiple samples using his matrices may provide a rough composite index of â€Å"levels over time have her new these approaches provide a truly long term index of HP activity and the responsiveness of the systems to chronic stress. (Meyer et al 2014) Exchanging tired all and seasonal variations on the sibling protocols like history stage diet environmental exposure may influence go to court records measured in these media. These media reflect short term stress occurrenceRead MoreBusiness Management3832 Words   |  16 Pagescontrol disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 1987). Trichotillomania is currently defined in the DSM-IV TR (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000) as the recurrent pulling out of one’s own hair resulting in noticeable hair loss, in which an individual experiences persistent tension prior to pulling out the hair or when attempts are made to resist the behavior. Once the behavior is occurring or has occurred, the individual may feel pleasure, gratification, or relief. For the disorder toRead MoreSelf Injurious Behavior ( Sib ) Essay1315 Words   |  6 Pagestends to be classified as a highly repetitive behavior, either occurring in bursts after long periods with problematic behavior, or under highly specific stimulus contexts (O’Reilly, 1997). The most common forms of self-injurious behavior include: hair pulling, self-choking, â€Å"head banging, hand biting, and excessive self-rubbing and scratching† (Edelson, n.d.; Iwata, Pace, Dorsey, Zarcone, 1994), [[NEED PAGE #]] and usually includes repetitive, self-inflicted, non-accidental injuries that often result

CSR Case Example

Essays on CSR Case Essay Corporate Social Responsibility Case about Nestle [Teacher 18th April When companies go global they face social risks associated with other markets. CSR strategy is a best tool to deal with social risks involved in operating in new markets. Corporate social responsibility is considered as the best strategy of all times. Through corporate social responsibility, companies can easily get some place in social and public circles. Nestle is already contributing to social, economic and sustainable development of countries it is working in. In the future, best corporate social responsibility strategy would be more paying especially in developing counties. In this case study about the corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives of Nestlà © and tries to address different dynamics of CSR contributions of Nestle. Nestle has been selected for writing a case because it is a global company that touches the lives of billions and it is an important contributor to CSR initiatives. Keywords: Nestle, CSR Table of Contents Abstract 2 Introduction 4 Analysis 4 Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives 4 Motives for Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives   6 Outcomes of the Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives 6 Recommendations 7 Conclusion 7 References 9 Introduction Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is one of the most important concepts of strategic management. Today, CSR strategies are often used by large multinational companies (MNCs) to increase their goodwill and profitability. CSR endorses a vision of business accountability to shareholders, employees, environment, and society. MNCs use environment and other attributes of a particular place and it is the responsibility of the MNCs to contribute to sustainable development. This essay aims at highlighting the CSR initiatives of by Nestle and whether Nestle has sought to inflict any harm on one or more of its stakeholders for profit seeking. Nestle has been selected for writing a case because it is a global company that touches the lives of billions and it is an important contributor to CSR initiatives. In this essay we are going to talk about its CSR initiatives and we will also discuss the impacts of these initiatives on all stakeholders. Analysis Nestle is included in one of the world largest Fast Moving Consumer Goods companies. Products of Nestle are being used in 197 countries with the US and China major markets for sales. Nestle is spending hundreds of millions of dollars annually for the social and economic uplift of deprived communities around the world. In this part of the case study, we are going to discuss the different initiatives of Nestle in the world (Kramer, Pfitzer and Jestin, 2005). Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives Agronomy Assistance: Nestle is supporting farmers and agriculture sectors of agriculture economies in the world. It is funding for the uplift of agriculture sector in many countries. Health and Nutrition: Nestle is also funding different NGOs to improve health and nutrition conditions in less developed and backward countries. Education and Manpower Development: Education and manpower development is among the top concern of the CSR strategist of Nestle. The main focus of these CSR strategies is on the youth of the poor and low income countries. Community Development: Nestle is also contributing towards the cause of community development. This CSR strategy also focuses on poor countries of Asia and Africa. Environment Protection and Preservation: Environment protection and preservation is among the top concerns of the rights groups and world leaders. Considering the gravity of the situation, Nestle also set aside a major portion of funds to contribute to the preservation and protection of environment. Solid Waste Management: Nestle is also actively participating in the infrastructure development for solid waste management. Rural Development: It is also funding different rural development and urban development programmers in Asia and Africa. Water Availability: Water shortage is a growing phenomenon in the world. Many countries in the world are suffering from severe shortage of drinking water and one billion people around the world do not have access to clean drinking water. Making water available for all is also on the list of top management of Nestle. Motives for Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives   As per the Annual Report of Nestle S.A. for the year 2014, there are a lot of objectives behind devising a good CSR strategy. Following are some of the most important motives of behind devising the CSR strategy. Reputation and Brand Management Medium Access to capital and increased shareholder value Risk management Improved relationships with government Transparency Outcomes of the Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives Criticism on CSR: The policies of CSR of Nestle are criticized in many countries due to the exploitation of environment and its own workers. People who criticize on the policies of Nestle claim that without provision of rights to workers, CSR strategies are worthless (The International Union of Food, 2008). Impacts on Company: There are many fold benefits of CSR strategy of Nestle. Among the most important benefits is the increased goodwill, profits and brand value of the company. Impacts on Shareholders: Shareholders also enjoy some benefits due to CSR strategy. Due to increase in profits, brand value, and goodwill of the company, the share price of the company also increases which is an important benefits for shareholders of Nestle. Impacts on Customers: Customers are tending to buy the products of the company with high goodwill and the company that shows care for people. Increasing numbers of customers are showing their interest in products of Nestle. Impacts on Employees: Some CSR initiatives also focus on the needs of the poor employees. But there is a long way to go for reducing the exploitation of poor workers. Recommendations After discussing different dynamics of CSR initiatives of Nestle, it is important to recommend some improvements for the CSR initiatives of Nestle. Nestle needs to introduce a more transparent ways to disburse the funds to needy people. Many people and rights group criticize Nestle for having dual standards. These people claim that Nestle is not investing in its own poor workers whereas; it spends millions of dollars to win the favors of local authorities and rights groups. So it is time that the higher management of Nestle understood that they need to introduce transparent method of funding for beneficiaries. They also need to address the concerns of their own worker. Conclusion At the end of this essay it is important to summarize important points of this essay. The main objective of this essay is to shed light on the important of CSR and CSR initiatives by Nestle. Nestle has been selected for writing this case study because it is a global company that touches the lives of billions in 197 countries and it is an important contributor to CSR initiatives. Impacts of these initiatives on all stakeholders have been discussed and some recommendations have been made at the end of this essay. Nestle is investing around the world in social causes heavily. Hundreds of thousands of people are benefiting from the CSR initiatives of Nestle. The impacts of CSR spending are great for the company and are increasing the brand value, profits, and goodwill of the company around the world. CSR contributions also increase the shareholders equity thereby increasing the value of the company. Nestle also needs to address the concerns of low paid poor workers. References Kramer, M., Pfitzer M., Jestin, K. (2005). The Nestlà © Concept of Corporate Social Responsibility as Implemented in Latin America. Retrieved from: http://www.fsg.org/tabid/191/ArticleId/205/Default.aspx?srpush=true. Accessed: 18th April 2015. Matibag, D. (2013). Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) of Nestle. SlideShare.com. Retrieved from: http://www.slideshare.net/desireematibag/corporate-social-responsibility-csrof-nestle. Accessed: 18th April 2015. Nestle S.A. (2014). 2014 Annual Report of Nestle. Retrieved from: http://www.nestle.com/asset-library/documents/library/documents/annual_reports/2014-annual-report-en.pdf. Accessed: 18th April 2015. The International Union of Food. (2008) Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Retrieved from: http://www.iuf.org/nespressure/en/Nestle_CSI.pdf. Accessed: 18th April 2015.