Market Failure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Market Failure - Essay Example One real life example of market failure is immobility of labor. The main types of market failure include the presence of gaps in skills, immobility of labor and inequality (Riley, 2011). There are two types of labor immobility- occupational, geographical and industrial. There are some imperfections in the market for labor which might lead to failure of market. For occupational labor mobility the main causes of market failure is skills do not match for the new jobs that are available. Often new jobs are available in the market but the available skills of the labor do not match the requirements. The second cause for the occupational labor mobility resulting in market failure is long term unemployment can lead to loss of skills on the part of the labor. If workers are not involved in work for a long term may be due to unemployment or for some other reason, they may lose their efficiency and their skills can be lost. The third cause that can be accounted is barriers to entry into the market eg, professional bodies. Sometimes a labor may not have the required skills to enter into a market. In case of geographical labor mobility the causes include differences in the price of houses in different regions, social bonding and family and differences in the cost of living (Revision on Labor Market Failure, n.d.) The failure of labor market can lead to structural unemployment, inflexibilities in the market of labor, continuous shortage of labor supply in some areas while surpluses in the others, rising wage and inequality of income, widens regional disparity and unemployment which has both, economic as well as social costs (Economics online, n.d.). The government can divert investment in education and training of personnel. This will induce the human capital in the total labor force. Subsidies in employment can be provided in cases of

Cultural Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cultural Analysis - Essay Example Government statistics of Iceland note that 94 percent of the inhabitants of Iceland live in the urban regions whereas up to 63 percent are the residents of the Reykjavik metropolitan area ("People"). The history of Iceland can be understood to be based on survival prosperity. Iceland was discovered by the Scandinavian sailors around the mid-ninth century. The first settler arrived in Iceland in 874. Landnà ¡mabà ³k, the book of settlements, compiled in the 12th century contains information about the initial 400 settlers in Iceland. A famous story set down there is that Floki, a Norse Viking made a voyage to Iceland but he spent all his time and energy on fishing and hunting and thus could not lay up any hay for the livestock, because of which they died during the winters, thus giving the land its name as Iceland. Icelandic history is shaped by the Norsemen settlers from the British Isles, Celts, and Scandinavia around the 9th and 10th centuries and is significantly shaped by the events occurring on the Nordic Countries larger political stage (â€Å"History†). Christianity was adopted in Iceland around the year 1000 (â€Å"History†). Nearly 33 per cent Icelanders were wiped out during the Black Plague infection in 1402. In 1940, the British Troops occupied Iceland. The Republic of Iceland was formally established in 1944 (â€Å"History†). The Icelandic language has remained almost the same since the 12th century and its similar to the Old Norse language. Letters of the Icelandic alphabet are not recognized in the modern English. For example, Þ is an Icelandic alphabet that is pronounced as "th". The most prominent religion in Iceland is Christianity. This is evident from the fact that the population following the Lutheran Church in Iceland is 80.7 per cent, those following the Roman Catholic Church make 2.5 per cent of the total, and other populations include â€Å"Free Church 2.4%,

PESTEL Analysis of Indias Textile Industry

PESTEL Analysis of Indias Textile Industry Introduction In analyzing the macro-environment, it is important to identify the factors that might in turn affect a number of vital variables that are likely to influence the organizations supply and demand levels and its costs. The radical and ongoing changes occurring in society create an uncertain environment and have an impact on the function of the whole organization. A number of checklists have been developed as ways of cataloguing the vast number of possible issues that might affect an industry. A PEST analysis is one of them that are merely a framework that categorizes environmental influences as political, economic, social and technological forces. Sometimes two additional factors, environmental and legal, will be added to make a PESTEL analysis, but these themes can easily be subsumed in the others. The analysis examines the impact of each of these factors (and their interplay with each other) on the business. The results can then be used to take advantage of opportunities and to make contingency plans for threats when preparing business and strategic plans. Kotler claims that PEST analysis is a useful strategic tool for understanding market growth or decline, business position, potential and direction for operations. Use whatever factors you feel are appropriate. Other variations include:- PEST analysis (STEP analysis)- Political, Economic, Sociological, Technological. PESTLE/ PESTEL analysis Political, Economic, Sociological, Technological, Legal, Environmental; PESTEL analysis. PESTEL analysis Political, Economic, Sociological, Technological, Environmental, Labors (Labor) related; PESTEL analysis (rare no references available). PESTLIED analysis Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal, International, Environmental, Demographic. STEEPLE analysis- Social/Demographic, Technological, Economic, Environmental, Political, Legal, Ethical. SLEPT analysis -Social, Legal, Economic, Political, and Technological. STEPE analysis-Social, Technical, Economic, Political, and Ecological. ETPSanalysis-Economic,Technical, Political andSocial- Scanning the business environment. Choose the acronym that most suits you or your organization. History of PESTLE Where did the term PEST or PESTLE derive? What were the origins? The term PESTLE has been used regularly in the last 10+ years and its true history is difficult to establish. The earliest know reference to tools and techniques for Scanning the Business Environment appears to be by Francis J. Aguilar (1967) who discusses ETPS a mnemonic for the four sectors of his taxonomy of the environment: Economic, Technical, Political, and Social. Shortly after its publication, Arnold Brown for the Institute of Life Insurance (in the US) reorganized it as STEP (Strategic Trend Evaluation Process) as a way to organize the results of his environmental scanning. Thereafter, this macro external environment analysis, or environmental scanning for change, was modified yet again to become a so-called STEPE analysis (the Social, Technical, Economic, Political, and Ecological taxonomies). In the 1980s, several other authors including Fahey, Narayanan, Morrison, Renfro, Boucher, Mecca and Porter included variations of the taxonomy classifications in a variety of orders: PEST, PESTLE, STEEPLE etc. Why the slightly negative connotations of PEST have proven to be more popular than STEP is not known. There is no implied order or priority in any of the formats. IMPORTANCE It is important to take into account PESTLE factors for the following main reasons Firstly, by making effective use of PESTLE analysis , you ensure that what you are doing is aligned positively with the powerful forces of change that are affecting our environment by taking advantage of change , you are much more likely to be successful than if your activities oppose it. Secondly, good use of PESTLE analysis helps you taking action that is likely to lead to failure for reasons beyond your control. Thirdly, PESTLE is useful when you start a new product or service. Use of PESTLE analysis helps you break free of assumptions and helps you quickly adapt to the realities of the new environment. ThePESTLE Analysisis often used as a generic orientation tool, finding out where an organization or product is in the context of what is happening out side that will at some point effect what is happening inside an organization. APESTLE analysisis a business measurement tool, looking at factors external to the organization.It is often used within a strategic SWOTanalysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats analysis). OBJECT Any organization or industry influenced by factors as political factors, economical factors, social factors, technical factors, legal factors, and environmental factors in addition to government policies, labor factors, competitive market condition locational factors, and emerging globalization. So we have defined PESTLE analysis of textile industry. Until the economic liberalization of Indian economy, theIndia Textile Industry was primarily unorganized industry. But now the Indian textile industry is the second largest in the world-second only to China. Indian textiles also account for 38 percent of the countrys total exports and are, therefore, a very important industry. And these factors affected the textile industry as political factors are most important for this industry because lack of stability in politics. And Indian economy is largely dependent on textile manufacturing and exports. India earns around 27% of the foreign exchange from exports of textiles so economical and env ironmental factors influenced. So we have discussed on these factors and define the problems of textile industry which is suffered by these factors. TEXTILE INDUSTRY The industries in India can be broadly classified into organized and unorganiased.Textile industry is under unorganized and relatively small. There is some potential for real growth. Textile Industry is related to clothes. Until the economic liberalization of Indian economy, theIndia Textile Industry was primarily unorganized industry. The opening up of Indian economy post 1990s led to a stunning growth of this industry. India Textile Industry is one of the largest textile industries in the world. Today, Indian economy is largely dependent on textile manufacturing and exports. India earns around 27% of the foreign exchange from exports of textiles. Further, India Textile Industry contributes about 14% of the total industrial production of India. Furthermore, its contribution to the gross domestic product of India is around 3% and the numbers are steadily increasing. India Textile Industry involves around 35 million workers directly and it accounts for 21% of the total employment generated in the economy. The Indian textile industry is the second largest in the worldsecond only to China. An Indian textile also has account for 38 percent of the countrys total exports and is, therefore, a very important industry. The forecast is that textiles exports will reach USD 35 billion by the year 2000. The total Indian market for the textile machinery in 1997 (the latest year for which complete data are available) was estimated at USD 895 million. The market is projected to grow at an average annual nominal growth rate of 6 percent during the next 2 years. There are at least 20 domestic companies offering textile machinery for spinning, weaving, texturizing and finishing. The Lakshmi Group of Coimbatore has been the most successful of these companies. Lakshmis success is attributable to its longevity in the sector and its ability to offer a range of textile machinery directly or through its sister companies. Consequently, Lakshmi can meet the needs of a variety of end users. For the past two years, the market has been in a recession. As a result, market players have become very cost conscious and price sensitive. However, the future looks bright used textile machinery. This market segment is likely to grow faster than the broader market. The major factors that are likely to produce growth for this sector include A worldwide increased in demand for Indian textiles and garments. The lowering of customs duties on imported textile machinery. Reduced government restrictions on the import of the used capital goods. The reduced cost of the used equipment which makes textile manufacturing operations more viable. Reliance Industries Limited (RIL) is Indias private sector company, involved in textiles. It is headquartered in Mumbai, India and employs approximately 12,500 people. The company recorded revenues of INR1, 108,860 million (approximately $25,537 million) during the fiscal year ended March 2007, an increase of 24.4% over 2006. The U.S. market share of imported textile machinery is only approximately 3 percent. Competitors from European countries such as Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom have taken the lead and are concentrating on equipment for cotton spinning, weaving, carding, winding and finishing. To become more competitive, U.S. companies need to shift their focus from only offering new equipment to offering both new and used textile machinery to the Indian market. Given this type of shift in focus, it is estimated that U.S. companies could increase their share of textile machinery imports to 10 percent over the next four to five years. In addition, U.S. firms can incre ase their competitiveness by forming alliances with experienced Indian partners who are very familiar with Indian market conditions. Another strategy for increasing the competitiveness of U.S. companies in the Indian market would be to focus on marketing used textile machinery on a turn key basis, and coupling the transfer of machinery with technological transfers, training, and buy-back commitment for the Indian textiles and garments. This type of strategy is highly supported at the national and regional levels by the Government of India (GOI). MARKET PROFILE OF TEXTILE INDUSTRY The Indian textile industry is the second largest in the worldsecond only to China. Indian textiles also account for 38 percent of the countrys total exports and are, therefore, a very important industry. The forecast is that textiles exports will reach USD 35 billion by the year 2000. To sustain this growth, it is imperatives that the textile industries produce goods of high quality at reasonable prices. This means that the industry must continuously modernize its machinery. Therefore, the textile machinery industry sector has an integral role to play in the growth of Indias textile exports. Industry analysts note that textile prices are increasingly competitive worldwide as more and more developing countries enter the global textile trade. To maintain, if not increase, its global market share, the Indian textile industry must procure modern, low-cost, textile machinery so that it can produce high quality textiles and garments for export at competitive prices. It is in this context that the market for used textile machinery is viewed as very promising. Used textile machinery permits India to incorporate new technology at low cost. Here are a few important facts about Indias textile: there are approximately 1200 medium to large scale textile mills in India. Twenty percent of these mills are located in Coimbatore (Tamilnadu). India has 34 million cotton textile spindles for manufacturing cotton yarn. Cotton yarns account for 70 percent of Indias textile exports. (China has 40 million cotton spindles.) Of the Indian textile yarn exports, almost 80 percent come from coarser yarns (counts below 40s). Consequently, there is a need to upgrade the technology. For the past two years, there has been a significant slow-down in the cotton spinning segment, mainly due to the spiraling price of cotton. The domestic knitting industry is characterized by small scale units which lack adequate facilities for dyeing, processing and finishing. The industry is concentrated in Tirupura (Tamilnadu) and Ludhiana (Punjab). Tirupura produces 60 percent of the countrys total knitwear exports. Knitted garments account for almost 32 percent of all exported garments. The major players include Nahar Spinning, Arun Processors and Jersey India. Status of the Textile Machinery Industry Approximately 120 companies manufacture the complete range of textile machinery. Gross receipts for the Industry in 1997 were nearly USD 700 million. The industry employs about 150,000 workers directly and an equal number indirectly. The demand for textile machinery is mainly from end user in the cotton textiles, manmade fibers and wool units textile sectors. The industrys major problems are Inadequate design and engineering capabilities. The high cost of raw material and components. The high cost of finance. Demand constraints. Competition from foreign countries as a result of the lowering of import duties on textile machinery. The high quality of imported textile equipment. The textile machinery industry sector experienced between 7 and 8 percent nominal growth in 1997. SWOT ANALYSIS OF TEXTILE INDUSTRY SWOT analysis defines all over condition of any industry or organization. This describes strength, weaknesses, opportunity, and threat of the textile industry. It contains astudy of the major internal and external factors affecting the company in the form of a SWOT analysis. Strengths: Indian Textile Industry is an Independent Self-Reliant industry. Abundant Raw Material availability that helps industry to control costs and reduces the lead-time across the operation. Availability of Low Cost and Skilled Manpower provides competitive advantage to industry. Availability of large varieties of cotton fiber and has a fast growing synthetic fiber industry. India has great advantage in Spinning Sector and has a presence in all process of operation and value chain. India is one of the largest exporters of Yarn in international market and contributes around 25% share of the global trade in Cotton Yarn. TheApparel Industryis one of largest foreign revenue contributor and holds 12% of the countrys total export. Industry has large and diversified segments that provide wide variety of products. Growing Economy and Potential Domestic and International Market. Industry has Manufacturing Flexibility that helps to increase the productivity. Weaknesses: Indian Textile Industry is highly Fragmented Industry. Industry is highly dependent on Cotton. Lower Productivity in various segments. There is Declining in Mill Segment. Lack of Technological Development that affect the productivity and other activities in whole value chain. Infrastructural Bottlenecks and Efficiency such as, Transaction Time at Ports and transportation Time. Unfavorable labor Laws. Lack of Trade Membership, which restrict to tap other potential market. Lacking to generate Economies of Scale. Higher Indirect Taxes, Power and Interest Rates. Opportunities: Growth rate of Domestic Textile Industry is 6-8% per annum. Large, Potential Domestic and International Market. Product development and Diversification to provide global needs. Exclusion of Quota Restriction leads to greater Market Development. Market is gradually shifting towards Branded Readymade Garment. Increased not reusable Income and Purchasing Power of Indian Customer open New Market Development. Emerging Retail Industry and Malls provide huge opportunities for the clothes, handiwork and other segments of the industry. Greater Investment and FDI opportunities are available. Threats: Competition from other developing countries, especially China. Continuous Quality Improvement is need of the hour as there are different demand patterns all over the world. Elimination of Quota system will lead to fluctuations in Export Demand. Threat for Traditional Market for Power loom and Handloom Products and forcing them for product diversification. Geographical Disadvantages. International labor and Environmental Laws. To balance the demand and supply. To make balance between price and quality Research Methodology In order to evaluate the PESTLE analysis of Indian textile and clothing exports, the study has analyzed the political technical, economical, social, legal, and environment factors of the textile industry. Information Sources The information has been sourced from various authentic and reliable sources like books, newspapers, trade journals and white papers, industry portals, government agencies, trade associations, and monitoring industry. To assess these factors of the industry, a preliminary interview conducted with a few industrialists. The interview sought their views and opinions chiefly respect of the pestle factors that they are facing in India. With the help of Internet sites we have found many key factors of this industry. Analysis Method Textile industry forecast and analysis is based on various macro- and microeconomic factors, sector and industry specific databases, and our in-house statistical and analytical model. This model takes into account the past and current trends in an economy, and more specifically in an industry, to bring out an objective market analysis. Our industry experts study the relationship between various industry and economic variables to ensure the required accuracy and desired check on the quality of data and information given in the report. PESTLE ANALYSIS OF TEXTILE INDUSTRY The textile industry grew out of theindustrial revolutionin the 18th Century asmass production of clothing became a majority industry. Until the economic liberalization of Indian economy, theIndia Textile Industry was primarily unorganized industry. The opening up of Indian economy post 1990s led to a stunning growth of this industry. But now Industry has influencing by many factors as political factors, economical factors, social factors, technical factors, legal factors, and environment factors. Here we will describe all those factors affected to Textile Industry. The Working Group on Textiles Jute Industry for the 11th Five Year Plan (2007-2012) has studied the major problems being faced by the textile industry. POLITICAL FACTORS The management of business enterprises and their policies are considerably influenced by the existing political systems. And India is a democratic country, there are probably problem of stability in politics. Political and Government Diversity: The reservation of production for very small companies that was imposed with an intention to help out small scale companies across the country, led substantial fragmentation that distorted the competitiveness of industry. However, most of the sectors now have been de-reserved, and major entrepreneurs and corporate are putting-in huge amount of money in establishing big facilities or in expansion of their existing plants. Secondly, the foreign investment was kept out of textile and apparel production. Now, the Government has gradually eliminated these restrictions, by bringing down import duties on capital equipment, offering foreign investors to set up manufacturing facilities in India. In recent years, India has provided a global manufacturing platform to other multi-national companies that manufactures other than textile products; it can certainly provide a base for textiles industry. And some motivating step taken by the government, other problems still sustains like various taxes and excise imbalances due to diversification into 35 states and Union Territories. However, an outline of VAT is being implemented in place of all other tax diversifications, which will clear these imbalances once it is imposed fully. But now the Indian government has introducing measures such as the national technology up gradation fund and removing the differential taxation scheme which discriminated against large units. ECONOMICAL FACTORS Economical factors such as per capita income, national income, resources mobilization, exploitation of natural resources, infrastructure development, capital formation, employment generation, and industrial development influence textile industry. Textile industry provides one of the most fundamental necessities of the people with huge value-addition at every stage of processing. Today textile sector accounts for nearly 14% of the total industrial output. Indian fabric is in demand with its ethnic, earthly colored and many textures. The textile sector accounts about 30% in the total export. This conveys that it holds potential if one is ready to innovate. The textile industry is the largest industry in terms of employment economy, expected to generate 12 million new jobs by 2010. It generates massive potential for employment in the sectors from agricultural to industrial. Employment opportunities are created when cotton is cultivated. Current Scenario Textile exports are targeted to reach $50 billion by 2010, $25 billion of which will go to the US. Other markets include UAE, UK, Germany, France, Italy, Russia, Canada, Bangladesh and Japan. The name of these countries with their background can give thousands of insights to a thinking mind. The slant cut that will be producing a readymade garment will sell at a price of 600 Indian rupees, making the value addition to be profitable by 300 %. SOCIAL FACTORS Managers and policy makers can not disregard social variables like education, knowledge, rural community norms and beliefs which are predominant in India, especially in the rural society while cultural differences are unthinkable for any international manager or even an urban Indian manager. Textile industry of India based on cotton and cotton as the agriculture product, which found in rural areas so the social responsibility of the textile industry. Social stratification plays a vital role in rural societies. TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS Technology is considered to be one of the most important factors of textile industry. That is why the government, in its industrial policy resolutions, industrial licensing policies, MRTP and FERA regulation, and in liberalization policies, assigned great importance to sophisticated technology and technology transfer. The Working Group on Textiles Jute Industry for the 11th Five Year Plan (2007-2012) has studied the major problems being faced by the textile industry which include: Structural weaknesses in weaving and processing, Fragmented and technologically backward textile processing sector, Fragmented garment industry, Inadequate capacity of the domestic textile machinery manufacturing sector, Inadequate training facilities in textile sector. The Government has undertaken a series of progressive measures like introduction of Technology Mission on Cotton (TMC), Technology Upgradaiton (sp) fund Scheme (TUFS), Scheme for Integrated Textile Park (SITP), reduction in customs duty on import of state-of-the-art machinery, Debt Restructuring Scheme, setting up of Apparel Training and Design Centers (ATDCs), 100% Foreign Direct Investment in the textile sector under automatic route, setting up of National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT) etc, for upgrading and strengthening the textile sector in India. At present, the textile industry is undergoing a substantial re-orientation towards other then clothing segments of textile sector, which is commonly called as technical textiles. It is moving vertically with an average growing rate of nearly two times of textiles for clothing applications and now account for more than half of the total textile output. The processes in making technical textiles require costly machinery and skilled workers. LEGAL FACTORS Legal environment plays very vital role in textile industry. Laws relating to industrial licensing, factory administration, industrial disputes, monopoly control, and foreign exchange regulation are examples of legal business environment in India. Textile industry has suffered by legal rules as unfavorable labor laws. Government has created strong labor laws. In India, labor laws are still found to be relatively unfavorable to the trades, with companies having not more than ideal model to follow a hire and fire policy And other factors are lack of Trade Membership, which restrict to tap other potential market. And also lacking to generate Economies of Scale is another legal factor to this industry. Government has charged higher Indirect taxes, power and Interest rates. The uneven supply base also leads barriers in attaining integration between the links in supply chain. This issue creates uncontrollable, unreliable and inconsistent performance. The liberalization being carried in the 1990s also ushered in a new era for Indias textile industry. It led to the relaxation of many of the constraints previously imposed on the textile sector. Licensing was removed in the early 90`s by the Statement of Industrial Policy and the Textile Development and Regulation Order. In 1995, India signed the General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade bringing some of its policies at par with those at an international level. At present, the single biggest factor influencing the textile industry appears to be the end of the textile quota regime of quantitative import restrictions under the multi-fiber arrangement (MFA) on 1st January, 2005 under the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Textiles and Clothing. The removal of quotas, seen as an opportunity by many, including the government, is driving investment and liberalization in the textile space. India can also grab opportunities in the export market. The industry has the potential of attaining $34bn export earnings by the year 2010. The regulatory polices is helping out to enhance infrastructures of apparel parks, Specialized textile parks, EPZs and EOUs. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS Environment protection and preservation is responsibility of the textile industry. The Government of India is committed to the preservation of ecological balance. Pollution free technology and recycling of industrial wastes and effluents has become a corporate concern now. Legislative measures have been adopted for this purpose, important legislations in this connection are- The water (preservation and control of pollution) Act, 1974 provides for the prevention and control of water pollution. The Air Act, 1981 aims at preventing, controlling, and reducing air pollution. The environment (protection) Act, 1986 ensures the protection and improvement in the quality of the environment. TEXTILE COMPANIES IN INDIA There are many textile companies in India as Reliance Textiles- Reliance Textiles is one of the major textiles Company. That is in business of fully integrated man made fiber. It has capacity of more than 6 million tones per year. Vardhaman Spinning-Vardhman deals in spinning, weaving and processing segment of the industry. It is planning to double its fabric processing capacity to 50 million meters. Welspun India is Asias largest terry towel manufacturer and fourth largest in the world. It supplies to leading global retailers, meeting 15 per cent of Wal-Marts terry towel requirements, 85 per cent of Tom Hilfiger. Alok Industries has the largest processing capacity in India and offers fully integrated facilities for yarn text rising, weaving, knitting, processing, made-ups and garments. It has initiated plans to expand capacities across all segments by investing Rs. 10 billion. Arvind Mills boasts of a wide product range in value added fabric, from fabric to garments in denim, shirting and knits. Gokaldas exports have more than 40 factories spreading in 37 locations in India, manufacturing more than 2.4 million garments per month. Other major players like Raymond, Siyaram silk mills, mahavir spinning mills etc. have also shown strong performance in the past two years. INTERPRETATION The textile industry holds significant status in the India. Textile industry provides one of the most fundamental necessities of the people. It is an independent industry, from the basic requirement of raw materials to the final products, with huge value-addition at every stage of processing The textile industry is the largest industry in terms of employment economy, expected to generate 12 million new jobs by 2010. Today textile sector accounts for nearly 14% of the total industrial output. So I have interpreted that government should take action in favors to textile industry. In India, there are two issues unemployment and standard of living. Textile industry can help in employment and raising standard of living. At this time textile industry is facing very problems due to government policies. Other problem is recession in country. The textile industry also suffered because of the high cost of raw cotton. The government had increased the minimum support price by 40 per cent in 2008-09. So government should decrease the price of row material as cotton. And should make easy labor laws. CONCLUSION We have conclude that if any industry or organization want to retain in the market then follow the government rules and regulation, social responsibility, and maintain pollution environment. In India growth rate is depend upon textile industry. Indian Textile Industry is an Independent Self-Reliant industry but government stated strong labor laws for this industry. Market is gradually shifting towards Branded Readymade Garment and has opportunity in foreign market and domestic market. So the government should be introducing measures such as the national technology up gradation fund and removing the differential taxation scheme which discriminated against large units. They have also allowed textile units to build and operate captive power plants, which should ease the power problem. Although Textiles have historically formed an important part of Indias economy. Indias cotton and silk production were among the highest in the world. Bibliography www.companiesandmarkets.com/Summary-Company-Profile/Reliance-Ind .. Having lost its Competitive Advantage, Textile Industry Faces Decline article by Author: Sanjay K Jain Joint MD, TT Textiles Limited www.oxforduniversity.com www.yatsenassociates.com www.oxlearn.com/swot www.Mindjet.com Textile Industry: Problems Faced ByIndia ByHarold Doan and Associates www.csgstrategies.com/search-pest-analysis-of-textile- industry_p24.asp www.oppapers.com//pest-analysis-indian-textile- industry-page1.html Findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb092/is_3_34/ai_n29024336/ REFERENCES Business Environment, Author

HOW EFFECTIVE A LEADER DO YOU CONSIDER AENEAS TO BE? :: Classics

HOW EFFECTIVE A LEADER DO YOU CONSIDER AENEAS TO BE? On meeting Aeneas for the first time, he appears to be in a very vulnerable situation as he is the middle of a storm. This is emphasized the phrase, â€Å"his limbs grew weak† as it puts forward the fact that Aeneas, despite his power and status is like every other normal human being. My first speculation on whether or not Aeneas is a good leader comes from the use of the word â€Å"I†. In his first speech he says, â€Å"Why could I not have fallen to your right hand and breathed out my life on the plains of Troy†. Here, although Aeneas is in suffering with all his men, he is selfishly regretting the option of dying a heroic death in the battle of Troy, as it would lead to him to be a figure of great history. This in my opinion does not qualify Aeneas as a good leader, as his actions can be perceived to be self- centred. Contrary to my first perception of Aeneas, is his sense of dedication. Through this, a positive sign of leadership is presented to us on his arrival â€Å"on the coast of Libya†. At this point, he takes it upon himself to search for his missing men. â€Å"Aeneas climbed a rock to see if there was any trace of the storm-tossed Antheus†. â€Å"Capys perhaps or the Caicus† armour.† Virgil emphasizes Aeneas’ desperation to find his men and his great compassion by the use of the word Perhaps. Similarly, Aeneas proves himself to be a very comforting and reassuring character to his men in times of loss. In his sufferings, he makes it his duty to fend for all his men by finding food for them. â€Å"He did see three stags wandering; he stopped in his tracks and snatched his bow† and then "he took down three leaders†. Aeneas quick thinking is made evident here by the use of the verb, snatched as it conveys his abilities to make quick logical decisions, a feature which makes him stand out amongst others. Virgil goes further on to tell us that Aeneas has killed â€Å"seven huge carcasses, one for each ship†. This gives an in-depth into Aeneas’ sense of organisation and well structured nature. Self- sacrifice is another quality that Virgil builds in Aeneas’ character, which qualifies him as a good leader.† â€Å"He showed them the face of home and kept his misery deep in his heart†. Here Aeneas is able to put his men’s emotions and feeling first in line at the expense of himself as he is aware of their needs at this moment; a

Pizza Lovers Essay

Have you ever wanted pizza but were too lazy to order one? Well that will change when I explain how to order a pizza. First you decide what pizza company you want to order from. Second is calling and placing your order. Third you call and order and then the waiting begins. When you have a craving for pizza you have to decide on the many different pizza companies and the different types of pizzas that they make. Some of the more popular pizza companies include Papa John’s, Dominos, Pizza Hut, Angie’s, East of Chicago, and many more. After you finally decide on the pizza company you go to the yellow pages of the phone book and look up pizza and search alphabetically for the company that you want. Once you find the phone number, you pick up the phone, dial the number and speak to an employee of the pizza place, they will ask to verify your phone number and ask the type of pizza and the toppings that you would like to order. They will then tell you how long it will be before you can pick up your pizza or how long it will be before it will be delivered, and how much that the pizza will cost. Waiting can be such a drag but you can try to get your mind off of it by watching TV and hopefully you won’t see a pizza commercial or taking a short nap. All it know is that when you are hungry a 40-minute wait can seem like a lifetime. Ordering pizza is not rocket science but now it is explained a lot easier. So now that you are educated in the fine art of ordering a pizza put it to use. If you are ever in a dilemma and don’t remember how to order a pizza just think of the three easy steps. Craving a pizza, ordering your pizza, and finally waiting for the pizza.

Abortion: Bad decision

Bad decision Oh! It’s really very bad! Well, it’s the big mistake that I had in my life!! I know that everyone can make mistakes in his life, or had bad decisions, did you?! For me, yes. I had one mistake in my life it’s still the worst decision that I had made it in my life when I decided to come here to U. S. Before coming to U. S I had to take some actions. First of all, I took several actions in my studies. I have been doing my master in criminal Moroccan law at the university in Casablanca, morocco. Through I got my visa immigration to U.S. so, I stopped to complete my studies, and I took all my papers out of the university, because I thought that I will need then here in U. S. also, I visited my university for the last time, and I spent the whole day at it, where I bid farewell all my friends essay writer hub. Second, I took actions in my job, because I had a job when I was in my country. So, I resign from the job, and it was really hard time for me when I bid farewell my colleagues at work. After that, I tried to save money to save money to buy the flight ticket, and immigration fees†¦ tc. so, I spent a lot of money to coming here in U. S. after I bid farewell my parents and my brothers, I took the plan to U. S. The first few weeks, I feel that lifestyle is different, then I knew that my life was already changed since I arrived here in U. S. the first thing that I do it when I stay here, I tried to understand the people, and adapted with this new life. But, it was difficult, and I realized that it going to be hard for me, because it was really hard to find a job in U.S. I mean here a job as I had in my country because you should to start from zero, and the lifestyle it’s very difficult, too. Also, I tried to start my studies again, but it was impossible here because I study Moroccan law!! Also, I have to start from first step because my major it was Moroccan law and the U. S law is different. Also, I need to learn English , too. Actually, coming to U. S. A is stilling the worst decision that I have ever in made it in my life.

Friends was the best tv show essays

Friends was the best tv show essays A decade ago, America was introduced to 6 friends: adorable Rachel, lovelorn Ross, ditsy Phoebe, confused Joey, uptight Monica and sarcastic Chandler. Record paydays, ratings jubilance and Emmy golds no wonder Friends is the number one comedy, but sadly is coming to an end. For ten years in a row, over 30 million North American viewers tune into NBC every Thursday night to catch up with the lives of their favourite friends making Friends the number one primetime series. But before ratings soared off the charts, this consecutively unbeaten sitcom had become one the most successful shows ever. As an added bonus, the theme song Ill be here for you was already a No. I radio hit, giving Friends a jump start to their ratings. Friends has helped NBC climb and claim the number one position for numerous years over all other television networks on Thursday nights. NBC Studios has maintained an astounding 46% lead in viewers for Friends over CBSs Survivor at 8:00. Friends successfulness is the main reason why it and its cast have accumulated so many awards over their ten years running. Alone, the number of Emmy, Golden Globe, Peoples Choice and Screen Actors Guild Awards are enough to cover all the coffee tables at Central Perk. Not to mention countless other awards such as best directing, best scripted comedy, funniest guest appearance, technical direction, best music, countless teen choice awards and the list goes on... Of course, behind every great show there has to be a big pile of cash and Friends is no different. Financing is a major part in the production of Friends where each actor has been making $1 million per episode for the past season! So thats $24 million each, per season just for the main cast. Not to mention wages for the guest stars! But Friends doesnt give out this kind of money without receiving some. Lately, commercials are a major so ...

Long Term Paper 10 Pages

Long Term Paper 10 Pages Long Term Paper 10 Pages Long Term Paper 10 Pages Long term paper 10 pages cannot be written overnight, unless you are a professional writer.   Sure, you can try your luck copying a free term paper online. However, you should be ready to learn that other students have also submitted the same term paper. offers an effective solution - custom term paper writing service!   Our term paper writers are able to write a good paper for you from scratch.   Even if you need long term paper 10 pages within 24 hours, we can provide you with custom written paper with no plagiarism! Our free paper blog is full of excellent term paper samples. Excerpt of Term Paper on Abortion In studying the problem of when the fetus can be called human, Daniel Callahan in his book on abortion says that there are many answers depending on whether the investigator is a zoologist, an anthropologist or a sociologist, and that all these opinions must be taken into consideration along with the theologian's. There are those who be lieve the beginning of human life should be judged by genetic criteria (if you are conceived by human parents you are instantly human); and those, says Callahan, who believe in developmental criteria (some no one has decided how much development is required before a fetus can be called human); and those who would measure what is human with social criteria by measuring the social consequences of the decision. They say that since life is present in the sperm and egg before conception it is useless to say human life begins at any one point. They also point to the fact that people do not feel the same way emotionally toward an embryo or fetus as they do toward a living child. It is their view that since it is a human decision, social dilemmas must be taken into account. And there is a question of value, says Callahan. "While we may say that human life 'begins' at x point in the developmental process, we may not feel compelled to say that it is necessarily to be fully valued or fully protected at that point." But the question should not be, some say, whether or not the fetus is human, but whether the mother wants the child. It has been argued that the social evils involved in forced pregnancy against the will of the mother are worse than the possible evil of destroying the fetus. Critics of this have suggested that allowing a person the right to decide whether to grant human life to the fetus might encourage other such acts as mercy killing in the case of an incurably ill or very old person, infanticide in a case where there is mental or physical deformity, or a return of the gas chamber for criminals. And they have suggested also that if abortion on demand were allowed, if a woman knew she could get rid of the unborn child if she wanted to, it might encourage women to be freer, more promiscuous in their sexual relations. Not only theologians, but doctors are faced with moral, medical and legal dilemmas. Custom Term Paper Sample The above sample term paper is written on the topic abortion.   If you need individual help with writing a term paper, do not hesitate to use our term paper writing service. Our writers are able to write a custom term paper on any topic!   If your deadline is tomorrow, we will not let you down!   We can handle the most urgent deadlines!

Amateur radio

Amateur radio   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If regular communications were knocked out, Amateur Radio would be there to step in! Amateur Radio connects people in times of need during emergencies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To start one’s adventure into Amateur Radio, one needs to obtain a license. There is a test required by the FCC in order to obtain a license which one needs to operate an Amateur Radio (H10). Only licensed amateurs can operate an Amateur Radio station (BARTLETT). Amateurs have to go through the different levels of licenses, which go from technician to general then to extra (HARING). With each step, they get more privilages and frequencies. Past exam questions included equipment, regulations, and morse code, all of which were dropped (HAMILTON). Now Amateur Radio is growing at a rate of 10% a year (HAMILTON). Amateur radio is growing with the new generation as well. â€Å"Amateur Radio not just meant for old folks. The Amateur Community want to see a new g eneration of men and women try Amateur Radio,† said Don Montgomery (CONRAD). Test and study materials add up to usually $40 (H11).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Amateur Radio is getting more and more in-sync with new technology and computers. Automatic Packet Reporting System (APRS) uses Global Positioning System with Amateur Radio to remotely track Amateurs’ movements and reports them to the APRS website (H11). All one needs to use APRS is a GPS and an Amateur Radio (H11). Anyone can go online to the APRS website to see where amateurs are at, anytime of the day. Amateurs also use APRS for use with Geocaching (H11). Geocaching is a scavenger hunt where people use a GPS unit to find treasures outside (H11). Echolink can be used as an alternative to equipment. Echolink is a software program, which hams can use to listen to and transmit audio over the Internet (H10). Echolink works by using a computer and Internet connection with a radio to listen to the repeater, an d to constantly transmit audio over the Internet via Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP) technology to the end-user (H12). The same happens in reverse, when an end-user transmits they use VOIP technology to get to the computer, and the computer transmits audio to the radio, which the radio transmits audio to the repeater. With Echolink, licensed operators can get on other repeaters and listen and transmit on them as well (H12). There are conferences which are groups that can handle large amounts of users. These are server-based groups that are basically a middle-man or main group which people, links, repeaters, or other conferences can connect to (H12). Internet Radio Link Project (IRLP) is almost exactly like Echolink, except that it is made mainly for connecting only repeaters to repeaters via VOIP, and not for desktop clients (H10). Logging ones contacts for a record is important as well. There also is logging software which can log stations that amateurs have made contact with ( H10). Mostly logging is used with High Frequencies (HF) because of contesting. It is an easy way to keep track of one’s data to send QSLs to (H10). Amateurs may also use an online log book, called Log Book of the World (LBW). This is useful for contacts that are in other countries (H10). If an amateur were to send QSL postcards to everyone whom they have had contact with in other countries, it would get really expensive, really fast (H10).

Are People Better Informed in the Information Society (responses) Assignment

Are People Better Informed in the Information Society (responses) - Assignment Example The results from the study showed that children who utilized the internet performed better in their standardized tests, as well as, achieving higher GPA’a. Therefore, it would be wrong to argue that media and the internet have negative effects on individuals. Evidently, as technology is evolving, people will be able to better accommodate communication aspects, as well as, other preferences. Contrarily, Bauerlein Mark believes that the internet has numerous negative effects on children. This is because of the fact that kids are becoming addicted to the internet. This is attributable to the fact that almost ninety percent of the students utilize five hours and below reading books in one week. However, 30% of these students use six hours every week surfing and communicating online. This argument shows that the internet is not From the arguments presented, it is apparent that the internet offers a lot of facts to children thus making them better informed. Despite the agreements and disagreements presented, technology will continue t advance and are the people utilizing it. This means that better technology will lead to accessibility of more information. This is because of the fact that technology challenges people to improve their lives thus getting better

Unit2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Unit2 - Essay Example Therefore, there arises the question of whether sentencing the child molester to life imprisonment is enough or if death penalty should be imposed. Punishment cannot ever be measured and given to meet the crime accurately. So, it becomes difficult to decide which punishment is to be awarded for a crime. Another fact is that no punishment can undo the physical or mental trauma meted out to the victim through a crime. Punishment is given so that the crime may not be repeated and the criminal be shown the right path of life while he is imprisoned. Even so, criminals who have served their tenure in jail, when they come out, begin the same old cycle of committing crimes, child molesting in this case. They can never be stopped. The only way, then, left is to award them the death penalty. But it is out of the league of anyone to understand whether a person who committed the crime once will again do so or not. Thus, by giving death penalty, the society is eliminating that person’s chances to become good. There is a possibility in death penalties that a person who earnestly wants to mend his ways may get executed. Throughout the clip, the terms â€Å"death penalty† and â€Å"child molester† have been repeated. This repetition lays a strong emphasis on the topic. The rhetoric strongly strikes home the significance of the issue under debate. It is true that the child molester kills even the child’s soul and he or she suffers throughout his or her life for the wrong that has been done. It becomes a black mark the child and affects him or her physically, mentally as well as emotionally. Towards the end, the anchor adds a comment, â€Å"Coming back we are talking weather worries of Doctor Whitman.† This seems totally out of place as all along the serious topic of child molestation and its effect on the survivors as well as the punishment for the molesters was being discussed. But then

Reading response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 39

Reading response - Essay Example Bridal understands that respect is invaluable and someone who wants to succeed must accept the consequences of disrespect. She tells Fragrance, â€Å"A tutor for a day is a father for a lifetime† (Mair 226). This shows how much she believes and respects Ch’en. It is not always wrong to question authority or do things differently. Bridal presents to Ch’en a set of stationery that Ch’en had never seen and a portrait with weeping eyes (Mair 225). When Ch’en dismisses them, Bridal accepts it and uses what Ch’en approves. As a result of following her tutor’s instructions, she become so good at writing that Ch’en admitted that he had never seen such good writing. I personally believe that taking corrections positively is one way of progressing in life. This scene thus corresponds with my belief. The schoolroom scene is very entertaining. There is adequate use of stylistic devices such as rhyme that give it a poetic feel (Mair 223). In addition, it emphasizes the need for mutual a working relationship between people in authority and those under them, based on trust and

Bureaucratic organization definition Research Paper

Bureaucratic organization definition - Research Paper Example Bureaucratic organization is therefore highly systematic because it ensures remarkable level of control by initiating hierarchy of authority and power maintained by appropriate rules and regulations. Based on the above definition, the key in bureaucratic organization is the presence of hierarchy which substantially helps individual or member draw the line between power or authority and control. For this reason, a bureaucratic organization could turn out as a highly formalized system with the inclusion of substantial rules and control. According to Weber, the characteristics of bureaucratic organization include the presence of division of labor, rules, hierarchy of authority, impersonality and competence (Lunenburg & Ornstein, 2007, p.42). This means that in bureaucratic organizations, positions have clearly defined objectives and ordered in hierarchy, there are corresponding rules and precedents, there must impersonality and impartiality, a career ladder is present, and there must be standard norm of efficiency (Kornblum, 2011, p.144). However, even though bureaucratic organization is organized this way, it still consists of network of contracts that interplay, that at some point collusion may be significantly observed (Tirole, 1986). This view is substantially contradictory to what is set as bureaucratic organization where high level of control is remarkable. If this would be the case, then even there would be division of labor and even social networks, the hierarchy must still prevail and in essence, rules must suppose to always prevail.

Regionalization planning, preparation, and response approach Research Paper

Regionalization planning, preparation, and response approach - Research Paper Example are known to have a history of coordinated aid agreements and function mutually, some regions are characterized with different partners coming together in the context of federal homeland security arrangements in order to initiate effective planning. This paper examines the issues of regional planning, preparation and responses approaches in the context of their economic, social and legal impacts. In addition, the paper will incorporate the role of the Saint Leo University core value of Community as it relates to local response to terrorism; such as, mutual aid agreements, regionalization approaches, multi-jurisdictional training or exercises, cross-discipline training or exercises, interoperable communications, etc. Body Regionalization or regional coordination relates to using government resources in harmonizing ways in order to achieve objectives that are mutually agreed amongst different stake holders in the given region. Regionalization also helps in overcoming the disjointed cha racteristics of federal systems and grants as provided to states and other local bodies. Coordination is successful through vertical processes amongst local, state and federal government as also through horizontal processes in different regions. Resources can be efficiently aligned to achieve security in communities, but this often requires considerable planning within the given judicial jurisdictions. The neighboring jurisdiction can be impacted by urgent situations in many possible ways, such as through implementing mutual aid agreements and the acceptance of evacuated citizens. After the September 2001 terror attacks, the US has strengthened efforts and initiatives towards improving the programs established to safeguard the safety, health and welfare of people and community during... The extent of regionalization after the beginning of the Cold War led to the creation of enhanced opportunities for nation states as well as state sponsored entities to adopt asymmetrical strategies of attacking stronger opponents such as the US. Although value systems of terror organizations and terrorists pertain to overcoming the stronger enemy or to force it to abandon its initiatives in regional conflicts, the main objective of terrorists is to use operational methods to achieve a combination of such objectives. Nevertheless, terrorism is designed in evoking responses from the government of the targeted nation or society in efforts to force it to alter its external policies. Federal initiatives in the US have mostly focused on regionally integrated approaches to provide the needed services to citizens. This aspect is very important in the area of national security because there is an urgent need to address the threat of terror attacks in order to effectively manage the usage of federal security funding. It has become apparent that regional strategies in this regard have helped in ensuring that such funding is spent in coordinated and complementary ways in targeting the evident security gaps. Regionalization plans have targeted emergency readiness while other areas are characterized with a number of broad aspects that are encouraged by the federal government, mostly through the designing of regional strategies and allocation of funding to states.

Reading response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 39

Reading response - Essay Example Bridal understands that respect is invaluable and someone who wants to succeed must accept the consequences of disrespect. She tells Fragrance, â€Å"A tutor for a day is a father for a lifetime† (Mair 226). This shows how much she believes and respects Ch’en. It is not always wrong to question authority or do things differently. Bridal presents to Ch’en a set of stationery that Ch’en had never seen and a portrait with weeping eyes (Mair 225). When Ch’en dismisses them, Bridal accepts it and uses what Ch’en approves. As a result of following her tutor’s instructions, she become so good at writing that Ch’en admitted that he had never seen such good writing. I personally believe that taking corrections positively is one way of progressing in life. This scene thus corresponds with my belief. The schoolroom scene is very entertaining. There is adequate use of stylistic devices such as rhyme that give it a poetic feel (Mair 223). In addition, it emphasizes the need for mutual a working relationship between people in authority and those under them, based on trust and

Regionalization planning, preparation, and response approach Research Paper

Regionalization planning, preparation, and response approach - Research Paper Example are known to have a history of coordinated aid agreements and function mutually, some regions are characterized with different partners coming together in the context of federal homeland security arrangements in order to initiate effective planning. This paper examines the issues of regional planning, preparation and responses approaches in the context of their economic, social and legal impacts. In addition, the paper will incorporate the role of the Saint Leo University core value of Community as it relates to local response to terrorism; such as, mutual aid agreements, regionalization approaches, multi-jurisdictional training or exercises, cross-discipline training or exercises, interoperable communications, etc. Body Regionalization or regional coordination relates to using government resources in harmonizing ways in order to achieve objectives that are mutually agreed amongst different stake holders in the given region. Regionalization also helps in overcoming the disjointed cha racteristics of federal systems and grants as provided to states and other local bodies. Coordination is successful through vertical processes amongst local, state and federal government as also through horizontal processes in different regions. Resources can be efficiently aligned to achieve security in communities, but this often requires considerable planning within the given judicial jurisdictions. The neighboring jurisdiction can be impacted by urgent situations in many possible ways, such as through implementing mutual aid agreements and the acceptance of evacuated citizens. After the September 2001 terror attacks, the US has strengthened efforts and initiatives towards improving the programs established to safeguard the safety, health and welfare of people and community during... The extent of regionalization after the beginning of the Cold War led to the creation of enhanced opportunities for nation states as well as state sponsored entities to adopt asymmetrical strategies of attacking stronger opponents such as the US. Although value systems of terror organizations and terrorists pertain to overcoming the stronger enemy or to force it to abandon its initiatives in regional conflicts, the main objective of terrorists is to use operational methods to achieve a combination of such objectives. Nevertheless, terrorism is designed in evoking responses from the government of the targeted nation or society in efforts to force it to alter its external policies. Federal initiatives in the US have mostly focused on regionally integrated approaches to provide the needed services to citizens. This aspect is very important in the area of national security because there is an urgent need to address the threat of terror attacks in order to effectively manage the usage of federal security funding. It has become apparent that regional strategies in this regard have helped in ensuring that such funding is spent in coordinated and complementary ways in targeting the evident security gaps. Regionalization plans have targeted emergency readiness while other areas are characterized with a number of broad aspects that are encouraged by the federal government, mostly through the designing of regional strategies and allocation of funding to states.

Nuclear Weapons should be Extirpate Essay Example for Free

Nuclear Weapons should be Extirpate Essay Nuclear weapons are considered serious threats to the human race and have made the world an insecure residence for living organisms. Nuclear weapons are destructive weapons that obtain its force from nuclear fission and nuclear fusion reaction. Both are theses producers are very harmful for the living organism. Nuclear weapons were first conducted in world war2 on Nagasaki and Hiroshima in Japan. It killed approximately 70,000 died immediately from the explosion and another 70,000 died from radiation within five years. The killing included the women and children. All nuclear weapons must be abolished around the world for making world secure, and save budget money. The entire world will be more secure if the planet will free of the nuclear weapons. Nuclear weapons are the only type of weapons in existence that have the capacity to annihilate the human species and countless other species. The reactions of the nuclear weapons live alive after many years of its used. The best example is Nagasaki and Hiroshima in Japan. The nuclear bomb was used on these cities during the world war2, but Nagasaki and Hiroshima are still suffering with the reaction of nuclear bomb. Japanese cannot grow any crop in Nagasaki and Hiroshima because the fusion reaction of nuclear bomb is still alive. Without abolition, there is always the danger that nuclear weapons will proliferate, that more and more countries will obtain them. The existence of nuclear weapons leaves open possibility that a nuclear exchange might take place. The nuclear weapons are extra ordinary costly, and the costs continue into the indefinite future. Billions of dollars are wasted each year to pay for nuclear weapons. The cost of research, development, testing, deployment, and maintenance of the nuclear program is very high. Even it becomes higher, when we include the costs of damage to the land, illness of uranium miners,  cancer deaths from nuclear pollution, and the storage of nuclear wastage. Since early 1940s the U.S. alone has spent $4 trillion on nuclear arms. If current policies are implemented, the U.S. will continue to spend some $25-30 billion on nuclear forces. What is the more important education or nuclear bombs that can kill the human? Today, Congress and Administration are watching government spending, shrinking and eliminating programs and taking measures to reduce the deficit. Despite this, the central feature of national security spending for the past fifty years, nuclear weapons, has been rarely touched. Possession of nuclear weapon does not mean that the country is powerful. Many developed countries such as, Australia, Germany, and Spain do not have nuclear bomb. Some countries have already given up nuclear weapons, showing that it is possible for a nation to be secure without nuclear bomb. Three former Soviet republics, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine, became nuclear weapons free states by volunteering transferring their nuclear warheads to Russia after the breakup of the Soviet Union. South Africa actually developed a small nuclear arsenal clandestinely, and then dismantled it. Argentina and Brazil have also eliminated their nuclear weapons programs even though they achieved initial success in these programs. These countries give a massage to the nuclear powers that you can succeed without nuclear bomb. In summary, the above analysis shows that nuclear weapons are weapons of great destruction. Our government wastes over thirty- three billion dollars a year of our tax money. Furthermore, nuclear weapons pose serious health risk to those around them, including the citizen. There has not been a significant impact on world affairs by nuclear weapons since world war2. Having a nuclear bomb does not guarantee the better life of the citizen, and development of the country. For these reasons, the nuclear weapons should be banned in entire world.

The samoa-tonga tsunami

The samoa-tonga tsunami Abstract   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the 29th September 2009 a magnitude 8.0 earthquake occurring on the outer rise of the Tonga Trench generated a large tsunami. The tsunami struck Samoa, American Samoa and Tonga with devastating consequences. Waves which reached up to 7.4m struck the coastlines of the islands just one minute after the initial underestimated tsunami alert. The tsunami killed at least 182 people. It had a large impact on the populations of all the islands and also had a sizeable impact upon the environment especially coral reefs. Cases of dengue fever and leptospirosis disease have increased and there is expected to be a long term impact upon the regions economy. Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the 29th of September 2009 a large earthquake of magnitude 8.0 occurred in the vicinity of the northern end of the Tonga Trench. This earthquake triggered a tsunami which had a large scale impact on the islands of Samoa, American Samoa and also in Tonga. It caused many fatalities and devastated many areas. The natural disaster although only directly affecting a small region does have a global significance. How the possibility of such a hazard was treated beforehand and how people responded during and after it occurred can be used as a model to show the impacts of future similar hazards not only in this region, but in others across the earth. This report examines the cause, consequences and impact of the earthquake generated tsunami. It also assesses the human response and whether the scale of the tsunami impact could have been less. Cause of the Tsunami   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The tsunami was generated by a magnitude 8.0 earthquake that struck at 17:48:10 UTC at a depth of 18km (United States Geological Survey (USGS) 2009a). It occurred towards the northern of the Tonga Trench, 190 km south of Apia Samoa. Figure 1 shows its location. The Tonga Trench marks the boundary between the Pacific and Australia plates. This is a convergent plate boundary where the oceanic Pacific plate subducts westward below the continental Australia plate at the Tonga Trench. The rate of this subduction is the fastest to be recorded worldwide with a maximum of 240mm per year at the northern end (Cousteau 2006). This makes this region one of the most seismically active in the world. Close to where the earthquake occurred the velocity has been measured to be 86mm per year (USGS 2009a) however in current worldwide plate tectonic movement this rate is still very fast. The actual earthquake occurred on a thin ridge called the outer rise to the east of the Tonga Tre nch (Annunziato et al 2009). Earthquakes occur in these regions, on the ocean side of a subduction zone, as normal faults are ruptured when the oceanic plate is forced to flex as it bends under the continental plate. Thus it can be deduced that the earthquake was a normal fault rupture on the outer rise of the Tonga Trench. The earthquake was felt across the islands in the region and was reported to have shaken the ground for up to 3 minutes (Adetunji and Gabbat 2009). In Iliili and Tafuna, American Samoa, the intensity was measured as reaching IV. According to the USGS modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (2009b) this would mean it would have been felt by most with the disturbance of objects such as â€Å"windows and doors†, â€Å"standing vehicles being noticeably rocked† and a â€Å"sensation like [a] heavy truck striking a building†. A higher intensity was felt in Apia, Samoa of V but it was felt strongest in Faleniu, American Samoa with an intensity of VII (USGS 2009a). This could have resulted in â€Å"considerable damage in poorly built or badly designed buildings† however there are no reports that any damage was caused by the earthquake before the tsunami hit. The Tsunami Tsunamis are generated by a sudden vertical displacement of ocean water. In this instance an earthquake rupture in the sea floor caused water to be pushed upwards. This water collapses producing a tsunami. Through deep water the tsunami moves rapidly with speeds up to 500 km/h but heights of the waves are usually less than 1m. As it nears shore the tsunami slows because of decreasing water depth but is compressed upwards thus growing in height. These waves are then capable of pushing far inshore (Keller and Blodgett 2008). The Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre first sent out an alert 16 minutes after the earthquake. It had, however, an underestimation of the earthquake magnitude 7.1 and so it was only a green alert. It was not until 20 minutes after the earthquake that the alert was scaled up to orange (Annunziato et al 2009). Both these alerts however would have come too late to help those in the regions first in the tsunamis path. Reports that water began to retreat from coastal areas beyond the coral reefs (Mercer 2009) shows the tsunami was approaching Samoa soon after the Earthquake. This report also suggests the tsunami first struck Samoa shortly after 7:00 am local time or 18:00 UTC. The exact time for the first tsunami waves to hit Samoa is thought to be around 17 minutes after the earthquake (Annunziato et al 2009) or 18:05 UTC. Different sources provide various data for the heights of the tsunami waves. The USGS (2009a) report, lists recorded wave heights as being 314cm in Pago Pago, American Samoa and 140cm in Apia, Samoa. It also details the distance the tsunami travelled with it reaching Wellington, New Zealand where it was 11cm in height. The BBC reported waves of 5m in height (Mercer 2009) whilst the New Zealand Herald informed its readers that the island of Niuatoputapu, Tonga, experienced wave heights of 6m (Tahana 2009). With many of the sensors for measuring tidal height in the region not functioning, Annunziato et al (2009) carried out many calculations so as to try and determine actual wave height. Their results revealed tsunami heights of above 6m in some areas including 7.4m in Alaufu, American Samoa. There are also different reports on the extent to which the tsunami travelled inland causing damage. The Guardian reported the damage extending 100m inshore in Samoa (Adetunji and Gabbatt 2009) wh ere as in eastern Samoa the tsunami caused damage up to 330m inshore (NASA Earth Observatory 2009). In American Samoa there are reports of water surging 1km inland (TVNZ 2009). By utilising all of this data it is evident that this was a large tsunami the impact of which was devastating. The Tsunami Impact and Consequences   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The tsunami had a large impact upon the islands of Samoa and American Samoa and also proved to be destructive to the island of Niuatoputapu, Tonga. There were at least 149 killed in Samoa, 24 in American Samoa and 9 in Niuatoputapu (USGS 2009). In total it was reported to have affected around 32000 people and left close to 3000 homeless (Atayman 2009). Devastation was widespread with the destruction of tens of villages. Lalomanu, a village come holiday resort in south-eastern Samoa, was flattened by the tsunami (Mclean 2009). It was made up around 100 homes and resort huts, the majority of which were destroyed. The village of Poutasi in south-western Upolu, Samoa was another that suffered large scale destruction (TVNZ 2009). Radio New Zealand (2009) reported that along the south coast of Upolu the majority of resorts and hotels were destroyed. American Samoas main village of Pago Pago was â€Å"completely devastated† with only the foundations of buildings b eing left and a large degree of flooding. On a greater scale all of western American Samoa was left with no power. Lieutenant Governor Faoa Sunia of American Samoa reportedly said that water was limited in some areas due to damage to the water system (Samoa news staff 2009). In Niuatoputapu, home to just over 1000 people, 90% of homes had been ruined and the hospital was also badly damaged (Tahana 2009).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The long term consequences of the tsunami will be substantial. Not only will infrastructure have to be redeveloped but other factors are going to be problematic. The loss of homes means people have been forced to live outdoors. This has resulted in people becoming more at risk of dengue fever. The fever is spread by mosquitoes and so a lack of shelter means people are more likely to get bitten. American Samoas only hospital has confirmed that there has been an increase in patients suffering from dengue fever with 62 confirmed cases in October and the first two deaths from the disease in 2009 (Anon 2009). The risk of polluted water being drunk is also greatly enhanced by the poor living conditions. Leptospirosis, a disease spread by the contamination of water by the urine of rats and other species has also seen a rise in confirmed cases in American Samoa, according to the same report. The economic impact is going to be significant in the longer term. People from the rural areas of Samoa are dependent on agriculture, fisheries and eco-tourism (FAO 2009). Areas of vegetable cultivation were devastated and the tsunami swept away fishing boats and fishing gear. The destruction of holiday resorts around the coasts of the islands and that their owners are fearful of returning means many tourists are likely to look elsewhere (Coopes 2009). The environmental impacts of the tsunami were also extensive. The Samoa Tsunami Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment Report (Ifopo et al 2009) lists much of the damage caused and what damage was expected. It includes septic tank pollution, solid waste pollution and salinisation pollution which occurred in many areas. Salinisation pollution is going to be a significant impact to the agricultural industry as crops may fail to grow in soil with a high salt concentration. It also details that there was foreshore and beach erosion, damage to wetland areas and in particular mangroves. Damage to ecosystems extended beyond the coast with marine protected areas and no take zones heavily impacted. Coral reefs were also devastated. The Associated Press (2009) reported that some coral reefs had been â€Å"obliterated† whilst others may not be able to recover. Response to the Earthquake and Tsunami   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first tsunami alert was issued 16 minutes after the earthquake. This does appear to be relatively fast considering the data for the earthquake had to be received and analysed. However the first alert was green the lowest alert level due to the earthquake magnitude being underestimated. It wasnt until 20 minutes after the earthquake when the alert was upgraded to orange by which point the tsunami had already struck the Samoa islands. Many people didnt realise the earthquake could have generated a tsunami and thus few moved to higher ground (Driscoll 2009). It is therefore apparent that a faster and more accurate response to the earthquake was required so as to have saved at least some of the lives that were lost. As this could save lives in the future further investigations into methods on how to analyse earthquakes more quickly are worthwhile.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aid response for the victims of the tsunami was issued within 2 days. The US, New Zealand and Australia provided the initial help with them all sending in planes to provide aid and assess the overall damage, the US also sent in a ship from their naval fleet to assist (Atayman 2009; Australian Government Department of Defence 2009). The American Samoa Power Authority (ASPA) delivered water to those who were affected by water shortages (Samoa news staff 2009) and the Red Cross set up camps for those who had been left homeless (Mercer 2009). The New Zealand Air Force provided medical supplies, medical teams and temporary morgue facilities to assist the hospital in Apia, Samoa (Young 2009). By October 8th all of Samoa was reconnected to the electricity grid and the main water pipes had been fixed as detailed in the 7th United Nations Office for the Coordination of Human Affairs (OCHA) situation report (2009b). The report informed that roads had been cleared in Samoa a nd Tonga and airports were functional. Financial aid was provided by governments and other organisations worldwide. Using information from OCHA situation reports 6 through to 9 and also 11 (2009a; 2009b; 2009c; 2009d; 2009e;) some of the funding provided can be listed as coming from; the European Union (over $2 million), the Japan International Cooperation Agency ($220 thousand), Australia ($874 thousand for Niuatoputapu), New Zealand (over $1.1 million), the European Commission ($150 thousand for Samoa) and the Asian Development Bank ($1 million). It is evident that the response to the tsunami was fast, well funded and efficient. Education   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When researching the initial response to the earthquake it was found that local people had previously been uninterested in the dangers of a tsunami (Driscoll 2009). This is likely to have been due to there being no living memory of the last significant tsunami which occurred in 1917 (Mataafa 2009). If they had knowledge of the consequences of a large earthquake occurring in the ocean they may have responded more quickly by moving to higher ground. In this case in order to have saved lives it would have been essential for the local people of Samoa, American Samoa and Tonga to react quickly as the tsunami alert came too late. By educating people on the affects of earthquakes and how they can generate earthquakes it may be possible to save lives in the future. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The 29th September Samoa Tonga tsunami devastated the islands and many of the people living on them. It was caused by a magnitude 8.0 earthquake which occurred on the outer ridge of the Tonga Trench. The Tsunami killed at least 182 people and affected thousands more. Much of the islands infrastructures were destroyed and the tsunami also had a significant environmental impact especially upon coral reefs. Long term consequences have already been seen with an increase in cases of dengue fever and leptospirosis disease. Economically the impacts are also going to be long lasting. The destruction of livelihoods whether it is through fishing, agriculture or tourism will be widespread. It was found that the initial tsunami alert issued was the lowest level and wasnt upgraded until after the first tsunami waves hit. The response in the days following the tsunami however was quick effective and well funded. By educating people especially in areas where the risk of tsunami is high it is probable that lives will be saved in the future. References Adetunji, J. and Gabbatt, A. (2009) Samoa tsunami: 100 feared dead on Pacific islands. Guardian, [internet] 30 September. Available at http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/30/samoa-tsunami-pacific-earthquake [Accessed 5 November 2009]. Annunziato, A., Franchello, G., Ulutas, E. and De Groeve, T. (2009) 29 September 2009 Samoa Tsunami, (pp 70 of 2009). Luxembourg, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. Anon (2009) Dengue Fever in American Samoa rises after Tsunami. New Zealand Herald. [internet] 9 November. Available at http://www.nzherald.co.nz/samoa-tsunami/news/article.cfm?c_id=1502844objectid=10608167 [Accessed 12 November 2009). Associated Press (2009) Tsunami in Samoa takes toll on coral. New Zealand Herald. [internet] 2 November. Available at http://www.nzherald.co.nz/marine/news/article.cfm?c_id=61objectid=10606655 [Accessed 12 November 2009]. Atayman, B. (2009) Tsunami deaths likely to rise in Pacific islands: Villages and vacation resorts destroyed. The Windsor Star. [internet] 30 September. Available at http://www.windsorstar.com/news/Over+killed+tsunamis+smash+Pacific+islands/2049879/story.html [Accessed 6 November 2009]. Australian Government Department of Defence (2009) ADF support to Samoa update. Defence Media Release. [internet] 1 October. Available at http://www.defence.gov.au/media/DepartmentalTpl.cfm?CurrentId=9535 [Accessed 12 November 2009]. Coopes, A. (2009) Tsunami-hit Samoa braces for tourism slump. news.com.au, [internet] 7 October. Available at http://www.news.com.au/story/0,27574,26178055-23109,00.html [Accessed 12 November 2009). Cousteau, F. (2006) Atlas of the Oceans. In Ocean: The Worlds Last Wilderness Revealed, pp 480 481. London, Dorling Kindersley Limited. Driscoll, J. (2009) Lessons from Samoa: Local researcher part of team sent to tsunami zone. Times Standard. [internet] 3 November. Available at http://www.times-standard.com/ci_13701412?source=most_viewed [Accessed 12 November 2009]. FAO (2009) Recent natural disasters in Asia and the Pacific: Samoa, Tonga, American Samoa, the Philippines, Indonesia and Vietnam. [online] (updated 2 October 2009) Available at ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/meeting/017/asia_emerg.pdf [Accessed 12 November]. Ifopo, P.E., Atherton, J., Miller-Taei, S., Anderson, P., Suaesi, T., Steffen, J., Paisley, S. And Sherley, G. (unpublished) Samoa Tsunami Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment Report. [internet] 14 October. Available at http://www.sprep.org/att/irc/ecopies/countries/samoa/171.pdf [Accessed 12 November 2009]. Mataafa, T. (2009) Tsunami scientist presents findings of Sept. 29 wave. Samoa News. [internet] 24 October. Available at http://www.samoanews.com/viewstory.php?storyid=10111 [Accessed 13 November 2009]. Mercer, P. (2009) Samoas tsunami death toll rises. BBC News, [internet] 2 October. Available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8286635.stm [Accessed 5 November 2009]. Mclean, T. (2009) Searching ruins for reason to live after tsunami. The Daily Telegraph, [internet] 2 October. Available at http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/searching-ruins-for-reason-to-live-after-the-tsunami/story-e6freuy9-1225781822624 [Accessed 9 November 2009]. NASA Earth Observatory (2009) Earthquake off Samoa Generates Tsunami. [online] (updated 13 October 2009) Available at http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=40532 [Accessed 2 November 2009). OCHA (2009a) Samoa/Tonga Tsunami Situation Report No. 6. [internet] 6 October. Available at http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWFiles2009.nsf/FilesByRWDocUnidFilename/AZHU-7WL2CX-full_report.pdf/$File/full_report.pdf [Accessed 12 November 2009]. OCHA (2009b) Samoa/Tonga Tsunami Situation Report No. 7. [internet] 8 October. Available at http://www.un.org.au/files/files/Samoa%20SitRep%20No%207%208%20Oct.pdf [Accessed 12 November 2009]. OCHA (2009c) Samoa/Tonga Tsunami Situation Report No. 8. [internet] 10 October. Available at http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWFiles2009.nsf/FilesByRWDocUnidFilename/MYAI-7WQ2JM-full_report.pdf/$File/full_report.pdf [Accessed 12 November 2009]. OCHA (2009d) Samoa/Tonga Tsunami Situation Report No. 9. [internet] 14 October. Available at http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWFiles2009.nsf/FilesByRWDocUnidFilename/EDIS-7WTR39-full_report.pdf/$File/full_report.pdf [Accessed 12 November 2009]. OCHA (2009e) Samoa/Tonga Tsunami Situation Report No. 11. [internet] 22 October. Available at http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWFiles2009.nsf/FilesByRWDocUnidFilename/AZHU-7X42LF-full_report.pdf/$File/full_report.pdf [Accessed 12 November 2009]. Radio New Zealand (2009) Samoa disaster toll soars. [internet] 30 September. Available at http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=readid=49414 [Accessed 9 November 2009). Samoa news staff (2009) 8.0 quake hits Samoa islands. Samoa News [internet] 29 September. Available at http://www.samoanews.com/viewstory.php?storyid=9550edition=1254218400 [Accessed 6 November 2009]. Tahana, Y. (2009) Teams Reach Tonga Victims. New Zealand Herald, [internet] 2 October. Available at http://www.nzherald.co.nz/samoa-tsunami/news/article.cfm?c_id=1502844objectid=10600831 [Accessed 6 November 2009]. TVNZ (2009) Over 100 feared dead in Samoa tsunami. [internet] 30 September. Available at http://tvnz.co.nz/world-news/tsunami-sirens-wail-again-in-samoa-3041553/video [Accessed 9 November 2009]. USGS (2009a) Magnitude 8.0 SAMOA ISLANDS REGION. [online] (updated 28 October 2009) Available at http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/eqinthenews/2009/us2009mdbi/ [Accessed 2 November 2009). USGS (2009b) The Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale. [online] (updated 27 October 2009) Available at http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/topics/mercalli.php [Accessed 2 November 2009). Young, A. (2009) NZ aid arrives in Samoa. New Zealand Herald [internet] 1 October. Available at http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1objectid=10600651 [Accessed 12 November].

The Vision :: essays research papers

The Vision by Dean Koontz Most people are skeptical about psychics and psychic powers. In the book The Vision by Dean Koontz, there arises a real convincing psychic Mary, who has visions of murders that are yet to happen. But, a new twist to the story causes Mary to see a different kind of vision. Murders more gruesome than ever. More difficult to see. Harder to pursue. All these factors cause the reader , and possibly be someone she loves? Or maybe a haunting truth about the past. The story takes place in various locations of modern day California. Some of the story takes place in Los Angeles, but the most momentous part of the story takes place in a little town called King's Point. The town is on the Pacific Coast Highway, and expensive houses dot the shoreline. Pertaining to the visions, Dean Koontz vividly describes the scene of each of them, as they take place. For example, he takes the reader to one of the scenes of a murder. A small beauty shop in Santa Ana, California. He forces the reader to picture the various aspects of a normal beauty shop, such as, the exterior. The neon lights, the palm tree, the jade-plant hedges, and the money-scented air. He informs the reader of the scent of the shampoo, cream rinse cologne, and perspiration. He tells how the floor was covered in air, and the purple color of the walls, and the plush purple carpet. He describes the sound of the hair dryer and the gunshot in which the murderer shot the cashier. As one can see, the author thoroughly describes the setting. The main character is of course, Mary Bergen. She is the author of a syndicated newspaper column about psychic phenomena, and the one who pursues the visions in which the murderer creates. The true identity of the murderer is not clear until the end of the book. Max Bergen, Mary's husband, and Alan Tanner, Mary's brother, each try to help Mary pursue her visions to catch the killer, and to free Mary's life of the horrible stress that encompasses her. But Max and Alan don't get along very well. Alan feels that Mary could of picked a better man to marry, because he believes that all Max is after is Mary's money, and that Max doesn't really realize how fragile she is. Max knows how Alan feels, but obviously disagrees. Max is pretty a strong man, six inches taller, and forty pounds heavier then Alan. Although Max had promised Mary that he would never physically fight another person, he feels a strong need to fight Alan, but knows that won't stop him from being so arrogant.

Adirondack Wildcats :: essays research papers

Adirondack Wildcats Brevard Blue Ducks Franchise History: 1988-1998 Jacksonville, 1999-2000 Gulf Coast, 2001 Lakeland Blue Ducks, 2002 Brevard Blue Ducks Cedar Rapids River Raiders Ownership: Cedar Rapids River Raiders Corporation, Barry S. Smith, and Toni L. Smith Head Coach: Dave Joerger Assistants: Kenyon Murray President/CEO: Barry S. Smith Sales Account Representitive: Grant Guyer General Manager & Director of Operations: Sean McLaughlin Franchise History: Expansion Team - 2004 Dodge City Legend Ownership: Dodge City Basketball, Inc.; Ownership Members: Jim Lewis, Greg Goff, Pat George, Michael Morrison, Kent Smoll, Dr. Kelly Henrichs, Dr. Kelly Cohoon, George Henrichs, Rodger Davis, Michael Stevens, Jim Coffin, Carolyn Banning and Rick Reed Head Coach: Dale Osbourne President/Part Owner: Greg Goff General Manager: Chris Pyle Team Colors: Purple, Silver and Black Franchise History: Dodge City Legend (2000-) Local Newspaper Coverage: Dodge Globe Florence Flyers Arena: Florence County - Civic Center (7,000) Ownership: Capital Entertainment Group, Inc. Head Coach: Bryan Gates Director of Basketball Operations: Lynwood Lock Franchise History: Expansion Team (2004) Kansas Cagerz Arena: Bicentennial Center (7,000) Head Coach: Francis Flax General Manager: Carroll Long Team Colors: Red, White and Black Franchise History: Columbus Cagerz (1998), Kansas Cagerz (1999-) Local Newspaper Coverage: Salina Journal Oklahoma Storm Website: www.okstormhoops.com Arena: Mark Price Arena (2,000) Ownership: Eddie Robinson, Shawn Kemp, and Oklahoma Storm Basketball Inc. Head Coach: Todd Chambers President/Founder: James Bryant General Manager: Tom Nelson Vice President: Ann Bryant Dance Team Coordinator: Tenna Bergdall Team Colors: Red, Black and White Franchise History: Oklahoma Storm (2000-) Local Newspaper Coverage: Enid News - Eagle, The Oklahoman

Income Measurement and Profitability Analysis

Chapter 5 Income Measurement and Profitability Analysis exercises Exercise 5–1 Requirement 1 Alpine West should recognize revenue over the ski season on an anticipated usage basis, in this case equally throughout the season. The fact that the $450 price is nonrefundable is not relevant to the revenue recognition decision. Revenue should be recognized as it is earned, in this case as the services are provided during the ski season. Requirement 2 November 6, 2013 Cash450 Unearned revenue450 To record the cash collection December 31, 2013Unearned revenue ($450 x 1/5)90 Revenue90 To recognize revenue earned in December (no revenue earned in November, as season starts on December 1). Requirement 3 $90 is included in revenue in the 2013 income statement. The $360 remaining balance in unearned revenue is included in the current liability section of the 2013 balance sheet. Exercise 5–3 Requirement 1 2013 cost recovery %: $234,000 = 65% (gross profit % = 35%) $360,000 2014 cost recovery %: $245,000 = 70% (gross profit % = 30%) $350,000 2013 gross profit:Cash collection from 2013 sales of $150,000 x 35%=$52,500 2014 gross profit: Cash collection from 2013 sales of $100,000 x 35%=$ 35,000 +Cash collection from 2014 sales of $120,000 x 30%= 36,000 Total 2014 gross profit $71,000 Requirement 2 2013 deferred gross profit balance: 2013 initial gross profit ($360,000 – 234,000)$126,000 Less: Gross profit recognized in 2013 (52,500) Balance in deferred gross profit account$73,500 2014 deferred gross profit balance: 2013 initial gross profit ($360,000 – 234,000)$ 126,000 Less: Gross profit recognized in 2013 (52,500)Gross profit recognized in 2014(35,000) 2014 initial gross profit ($350,000 – 245,000)105,000 Less: Gross profit recognized in 2014 (36,000) Balance in deferred gross profit account$107,500 Exercise 5–4 2013 Installment receivables360,000 Inventory234,000 Deferred gross profit126,000 To record installment sales 2013 Cash150,0 00 Installment receivables150,000 To record cash collections from installment sales 2013 Deferred gross profit52,500 Realized gross profit52,500 To recognize gross profit from installment sales 2014 Installment receivables350,000Inventory245,000 Deferred gross profit105,000 To record installment sales 2014 Cash220,000 Installment receivables220,000 To record cash collections from installment sales 2014 Deferred gross profit71,000 Realized gross profit71,000 To recognize gross profit from installment sales Exercise 5–5 Requirement 1 YearIncome recognized 2013$180,000 ($300,000 – 120,000) 2014- 0 – 2015- 0 – 2016 – 0 – Total$180,000 Requirement 2 Cost recovery %: $120,000 ————- = 40% (gross profit % = 60%) $300,000 | | | | |Year |Cash Collected |Cost Recovery(40%) |Gross Profit(60%) | |2013 |$ 75,000 |$ 30,000 |$ 45,000 | |2014 | 75,000 | 30,000 | 45,000 | |2015 | 75,000 | 30,000 | 45,000 | |2016 | 75,000 | 30,000 | 45,000 | | Totals |$300,000 |$120,000 |$180,000 | | | | | | Requirement 3 | | | | | |Year |Cash Collected |Cost Recovery |Gross Profit | |2013 |$ 75,000 |$ 75,000 | – 0 – | |2014 | 75,000 | 45,000 $ 30,000 | |2015 | 75,000 | – 0 – | 75,000 | |2016 | 75,000 | – 0 – | 75,000 | | Totals |$300,000 |$120,000 |$180,000 | | | | | | Exercise 5–11 Requirement 1 20132014 Contract price$2,000,000$2,000,000 Actual costs to date 300,0001,875,000 Estimated costs to complete 1,200,000 – 0 – Total estimated costs 1,500,0001,875,000 Gross profit (estimated in 2013)$ 500,000$ 125,000 Gross profit recognition: 2013: $ 300,000 = 20% x $500,000 = $100,000 $1,500,000 2014:$125,000 – 100,000 = $25,000 Requirement 2 2013$ – 0 – 2014$125,000 Requirement 3 | | | | | |Balance Sheet | | | | |At December 31, 2013 | | | |Current assets: | | | | |Accounts receivable | |$ 130,000 | | |Costs and profit ($400,000*) in excess | | | | |of billings ($380,000) | |20,000 | | | | | | | * Costs ($300,000) + profit ($100,000) Exercise 5–11 (concluded) Requirement 4 | | | | |Balance Sheet | | | | |At December 31, 2013 | | | | |Current assets: | | | | |Accounts receivable | |$ 130,000 | | | | | | | |Current liabilities: | | | | |Billings ($380,000) in excess of costs ($300,000) | |$ 80,000 | | | | | | | problems Problem 5–2 Requirement 1 2013 cost recovery % : $180,000 = 60% (gross profit % = 40%) $300,000 2014 cost recovery %: $280,000 = 70% (gross profit % = 30%) $400,000 2013 gross profit: Cash collection from 2013 sales = $120,000 x 40%= $48,000 2014 gross profit: Cash collection from 2013 sales = $100,000 x 40%= $ 40,000 +Cash collection from 2014 sales = $150,000 x 30%= 45,000 Total 2014 gross profit $85,000 Requirement 2 013 Installment receivables300,000 Inventory180,000 Deferred gross profit120,000 To record installment sales Cash120,000 Installment receivables120,000 To record cash colle ctions from installment sales Deferred gross profit48,000 Realized gross profit48,000 To recognize gross profit from installment sales Problem 5–2 (continued) 2014 Installment receivables400,000 Inventory280,000 Deferred gross profit120,000 To record installment sales Cash250,000 Installment receivables250,000 To record cash collections from installment sales Deferred gross profit85,000 Realized gross profit85,000 To recognize gross profit from installment sales Requirement 3 | | | | |Date |Cash Collected |Cost Recovery |Gross Profit | | | | | | |2013 | | | | |2013 sales |$120,000 |$120,000 |- 0 – | | | | | | |2014 | | | |2013 sales | $100,000 | $ 60,000 |$40,000 | |2014 sales | 150,000 | 150,000 | – 0 – | | 2014 totals |$250,000 |$210,000 |$40,000 | | | | | | Problem 5–2 (concluded) 2013 Installment receivables300,000 Inventory180,000 Deferred gross profit120,000 To record installment sales Cash120,000 Installment receivables120,000 To record cash collection from installment sales 2014 Installment receivables400,000 Inventory280,000 Deferred gross profit120,000 To record installment sales Cash250,000 Installment receivables250,000To record cash collection from installment sales Deferred gross profit40,000 Realized gross profit40,000 To recognize gross profit from installment sales Problem 5–5 Requirement 1 201320142015 Contract price$10,000,000$10,000,000$10,000,000 Actual costs to date 2,400,000 6,000,000 8,200,000 Estimated costs to complete 5,600,000 2,000,000 – 0 – Total estimated costs 8,000,000 8,000,000 8,200,000 Estimated gross profit (loss) (actual in 2015)$ 2,000,000$ 2,000,000$ 1,800,000 Gross profit (loss) recognition: 2013: $2,400,000 = 30. 0% x $2,000,000 = $600,000 $8,000,000 2014: $6,000,000 = 75. 0% x $2,000,000 = $1,500,000 – 600,000 = $900,000 $8,000,000 015:$1,800,000 – 1,500,000 = $300,000 Problem 5–5 (continued) Requirement 2 | | | | | | |2013 |2014 |2015 | | | | | | |Construction in progress |2,400,000 |3,600,000 |2,200,000 | | Various accounts 2,400,000 |3,600,000 |2,200,000 | |To record construction costs | | | | | | | | | |Accounts receivable |2,000,000 |4,000,000 |4,000,000 | | Billings on construction contract |2,000,000 |4,000,000 |4,000,000 | |To record progress billings | | | | | | | | | |Cash |1,800,000 |3,600,000 |4,600,000 | | Accounts receivable |1,800,000 |3,600,000 |4,600,000 | |To record cash collections | | | | | | | | | |Construction in progress | 600,000 | 900,000 | 300,000 | |(gross profit) | | | | |Cost of construction |2,400,000 |3,600,000 |2,200,000 | |(cost incurred) | | | | | Revenue from long-term contracts (1) |3,000,000 |4,500,000 |2,500,000 | |To record gross profit | | | | | | | | | (1) Revenue recognized: 2013: 30% x $10,000,000 =$3,000,000 2014: 75% x $10,000,000 =$7,500,000 Less: Revenue recognized in 2013(3,000,000) Revenue recognized in 2014$4,500,000 2015: 100% x $10,000,000 =$10,000,000 Less: Re venue recognized in 2013 & 2014 (7,500,000) Revenue recognized in 2015$2,500,000 Problem 5–5 (continued) Requirement 3 | | | | | |Balance Sheet | |2013 | |2014 | | | | | | | |Current assets: | | | | | |Accounts receivable | |$ 200,000 | |$600,000 | |Construction in progress |$3,000,000 | |$7,500,000 | | | Less: Billings |(2,000,000) | |(6,000,000) | | |Costs and profit in excess | | | | | |of billings | |1,000,000 | |1,500,000 | Requirement 4 01320142015 Costs incurred during the year$2,400,000$3,800,000$3,200,000 Estimated costs to complete as of year-end 5,600,000 3,100,000 – 201320142015 Contract price$10,000,000$10,000,000$10,000,000 Actual costs to date 2,400,000 6,200,000 9,400,000 Estimated costs to complete 5,600,000 3,100,000 – 0 – Total estimated costs 8,000,000 9,300,000 9,400,000 Estimated gross profit (actual in 2015)$ 2,000,000$ 700,000$ 600,000 Problem 5–5 (concluded) Gross profit (loss) recognition: 2013: $2,400,000 = 30. 0% x $2,0 00,000 = $600,000 $8,000,000 2014: $6,200,000 = 66. 6667% x $700,000 = $466,667 – 600,000 = $(133,333) $9,300,000 015:$600,000 – 466,667 = $133,333 Requirement 5 201320142015 Costs incurred during the year$2,400,000$3,800,000$3,900,000 Estimated costs to complete as of year-end 5,600,000 4,100,000 – 201320142015 Contract price$10,000,000$10,000,000$10,000,000 Actual costs to date 2,400,000 6,200,00010,100,000 Estimated costs to complete 5,600,000 4,100,000 – 0 – Total estimated costs 8,000,00010,300,00010,100,000 Estimated gross profit (loss) (actual in 2015)$ 2,000,000$ (300,000)$ (100,000) Gross profit (loss) recognition: 2013: $2,400,000 = 30. 0% x $2,000,000 = $600,000 $8,000,000 2014: $(300,000) – 600,000 = $(900,000) 2015: $(100,000) – (300,000) = $200,000